Malang city well known for being labeled as city of education. The city has various best universities such as Universitas Brawijaya and Universitas Negeri Malang. In addition, the city is a tourism city because of its charming nature surrounded by mountains and its cool air. Malang is also famous as a flower city because of the many flowers that adorn the city. The city of Malang is also an art city because of the many unique arts from this city, from dance to show.
Malang City has a wide range of people from various ethnic groups and cultures. The population of Malang city reached 895,387 people with the majority Javanese, followed by Madura. The metroplitan area of Malang, Malang Raya, is the second largest metropolitan area in East Java after Gerbangkertosusila. If viewed from the cultural side, Malang is included in the Arek Cultural Area.
The city of Malang holds various historical relics. This city holds a relic of the Kingdom of Kanjuruhan to the Netherlands. The remains of the Dutch in general are ancient buildings such as the Kayutangan Church with gothic architecture. Malang also held various events to preserve cultural heritage, one of them like Malang Tempo Doeloe Festival. Malang also has many historical relics that become landmarks such as Tugu Malang (Round Square).
History
Antiquity
Basin area of Malang has existed since ancient time as residential area. The number of rivers that flow around this place make Malang area residential area. The Dinoyo and Tlogomas regions are known to be prehistoric settlements. Furthermore, various inscriptions (eg Dinoyo Inscriptions), temple buildings and statues, traces of brick foundations, former drainage canals, and various pottery found from the late Kanjuruhan period (8th and 9th centuries) are also found in adjacent place.
The origin of the name of Malang
The name of Malang is still studied its origins by historians. According to the first hypothesis, Malangkuçeçwara inscribed in the city's emblem is the name of a sacred building located on Mount Buring which has a peak called Malang. The second hypothesis assumes that the true location of the sacred building is located in the Tumpang area, somewhere north of Malang. Until now in the area there is still a village named Malangsuko, which by some historians, allegedly derived from Malankuça word pronounced upside down.
Although these hypotheses have not been determined, in a copper inscription discovered at the end of 1974 on a plantation in Wlingi, Blitar is written in one of its parts as follows.
... sakrid panels of Malang-sense
wacid opponent macu pasabhanira
dyah Limpa Makanagran I ...
... to the east where hunting around Malang
together with wacid and mancu,
Dyah Limpa's rice field is ...
From the sound of the inscription it turns out Malang is a place to the east of the places mentioned in the inscription. From this inscription obtained a proof that the use of the name of Malang has existed at least since the 12th century AD.
The name Malangkuçeçwara consists of 3 words, ie mala which means cheating, falsehood, and evil, angkuça which means to destroy or destroy, and içwara which means God. Therefore, Malangkuçeçwara means God has destroyed evil.
The preceding hypotheses differ from one opinion which suggests that the name Malang derives from the word denied or obstructed (in Javanese means Malang). One day, Sunan Mataram who wanted to expand his influence to East Java had tried to occupy the area of Malang, but the local people denied it. Since then also the area named Malang.
The period of the Hindu and Islamic kingdoms
The emergence of the Kingdom of Kanjuruhan, by historians is seen as an early milestone of the growth of the central government that until now, after 12 centuries ago, has developed into the city of Malang. Therefore, the kingdom is considered the forerunner of this city.
After the kingdom of Kanjuruhan, in the golden days of the kingdom of Singhasari (1000 years after Christ) in the area of Malang still found a prosperous kingdom, many inhabitants as well as fertile farmland. When Islam conquered Majapahit Kingdom around 1400, Patih Majapahit fled to Malang area. Sultan Mataram from Central Java finally came and succeeded in conquering this area in 1614 after receiving strong resistance from the people of this region.
Colonial period
Netherlands
In the colonial period of Dutch East Indies, precisely on April 1, 1914 area of Malang became gemente (municipality). As with most other cities in Indonesia in general, the modern city of Malang grew and developed after the presence of Dutch East Indies colonial administration. Public facilities are planned in such a way as to meet the needs of Dutch families. Discriminatory impression is still left to this day, such as Jalan Ijen and surrounding areas.
Japan
During the Japanese residence in Indonesia, the city of Malang which is part of Indonesia also participated occupied by Japan. Bala Army Dai Nippon began to occupy the city of Malang on March 7, 1942. During the Japanese occupation there was a transitional building function. The dwellings of the Dutch were restored. The Netherlands Building at Jalan Semeru No. 42 which used to be the office or headquarters of the Dutch troops converted into the Kentapetai building.
Geography
Malang is located in the middle of Malang Regency and south side of Java Island. The city has an area of 145.28 km2. The city is bordered by Singosari and Karangploso sub-districts on the north side; District Pakis and District Tumpang on the east side; Tajinan and Pakisaji sub-districts on the south side; and Wagir and Dau sub-districts on the west side which are all subdistricts in Malang Regency.
The parts of Malang City have their own peculiarities so that it has its own compatibility in various activities. The southern part of Malang City is a large enough plateau that is suitable for industry; the northern part is a fertile soil that is suitable for agriculture; the eastern part is a plateau with a less fertile state; and the western part is a vast plateau and is now an educational area.
Malang City is passed by one of the longest river in Indonesia and the second longest in Java Island after Bengawan Solo, Brantas River whose springs are located on the slopes of Mount Arjuno in the northwest of the city. The second longest river in Malang is the Metro River through Malang City in Karangbesuki Village, Kecamatan Sukun.
The city of Malang is located in the highlands. The city lies at an altitude between 440-667 meters above sea level. The highest point of this city is in CitraGarden City Malang, an independent city, while the lowest area of Malang is located in Dieng area.
The city of Malang is surrounded by mountains and mountains. The city is surrounded by Mount Arjuno in the north; Mount Semeru to the east; Gunung Kawi and Mount Panderman in the west; Mount Kelud in the south.
Climate
Malang city has tropical climate. According to the climatic conditions of Malang City during the year 2016 recorded average air temperature ranges between 22.4 ° C-24.3 ° C, while the maximum temperature reaches 30.2 ° C and minimum temperature of 16.5 ° C.
From the observation of Klimploso Klimatologi Station, the relatively high rainfall occurred in February, November, and December. Meanwhile, in June and September rainfall is relatively low. Maximum wind speed occurs in May, September, and July.
Tourism
Tourism in Malang is quite big. In 2016, recorded number of domestic tourists in the city of Malang amounted to 3.987.074 people, while foreign tourists amounted to 9,535 people. The number of tourists in 2016 is a significant spike from the previous year. By looking at the evidence, the government is optimistic the number of tourist visits, especially abroad will continue to increase.
Village tour
Malang is known to have a lot of thematic villages that have rural and distinctive nuances. Among them, the most famous is Kampung Wisata Jodipan (Kampung Warna-Warni), the first colorful hometown in Indonesia that became one of the favorite destinations in Malang. In addition, there is also Kampung Tridi which is located opposite the Colorful Villages which is famous for its mural artwork on its residential walls, such as Haji Lane in Singapore. Both villages are connected by a glass bridge. Both are a favorite selfie place for tourists.
In addition, there is also a tourist village in the city of Malang is famous for its environmental friendliness and greenness. Among these are the Glintung Go Green Village (3G) located in Purwantoro and Kampung Bamboo Mewek in Tunjungsekar. Environmental friendliness in Kampung 3G can be seen from the full village by the plant. Kampung 3G is also the first water conservation village in Indonesia. Meanwhile, Kampung Bamboo Mewek is considered environmentally friendly because it is full of trees and bamboo and is a conservation village.
As a cultured city, Malang also has cultural villages. Kampung Budaya Polowijen is one of them. This village is considered a cultural hometown for storing and displaying various cultural heritage sites: malangan mask, Mbah Reni tomb, the first malangan mask maker, and Sumur Windu, where Ken Dedes bathing in antiquity. This village also has a unique library located in the gazebo. In addition to the village, there is also the Village Mask Malangan. As the name implies, starting from the gate to the area, visitors will be greeted by hundreds of masks with different colors and various characters as in the banner stories.
Supporting facilities and infrastructure
In February 2015, the Government of Malang City launched a bus system of green-colored tourist bus called Macito Bus, abbreviation of Malang City Tour provided free of charge and specifically for the tourists. This bus operates in Malang City from the front of Parliament building of Malang City and its route passes several important points in every corner of the city, among them some important museums, Ijen Road area, culinary tour, and so on. This bus has a capacity of 40 passengers with a ration around three times.
The lodging facilities for tourism in Malang City vary, ranging from hotels, apartments, guesthouses, to shelter houses scattered throughout the city. This diversity is supported by the fact that Malang is the most popular tourist destination in Indonesia after Bali, Bandung, and Yogyakarta. The most famous hotel in town is Hotel Tugu. This is because the hotel is well known among foreign tourists and the hotel often spends its visitors with various events. Another famous hotel is Hotel Pelangi because the hotel has a collection of Dutch paintings.
Culture
Relics and historical sites
Because it has been inhabited since prehistoric times, has been found various relics of prehistoric times in Malang. In Bakalankrajan, the people find mortars and dolmen. In addition, also found a mortar and a rock scratch in Tlogomas which is now in the Museum Mpu Purwa. In addition, the legacy of the Hindu-Buddhist Kingdom was not lost. Has been found place of worship of Hindu of Shiva sect at the time of Singhasari or Majapahit named Ketawanggede Site.
The most famous legacy is the relics of the Dutch period. There are relics such as ceramic paintings at Pelangi Hotel, Dutch heritage buildings in the area of Jalan Ijen, and ancient buildings with charming architecture. Ijen Road Area is one of the relics of the architect Herman Thomas Karsten. The Dutch left some utilities such as drainage channels. Little relics like the money of the ancient Dutch was exhibited in 2013.
Monuments and memorials
As a big city, Malang City is involved in various historic events that occurred in Indonesia. To mark the event, monuments and memorials were built. Malang City collects many monuments and memorials symbolizing historical events, history of Malang prapenjajahan, achievements of Malang, and others. Historical events, especially the independence struggle which has the most monuments. The monuments, among them Tugu Monument Malang that signifies independence from the Netherlands; TGP Monument (Army of Student Genie) built to commemorate the struggle of TGP; Monument to the Heroes of the Armed Forces of the Republic of Indonesia Students (TRIP), monuments of the TRIP heroes; Juang '45 monument marking the collapse of colonialism; Hamid Rusdi monument recalled Hamid Rusdi; Monument Commander Sudirman who commemorates the struggle of Panglima Soedirman; KNIP Monument Malang, historical monument of the Central Indonesian National Committee (KNIP); and Monument Melati (Monument Cadets Suropati), a monument of appreciation of the emergency school in the early formation of the People's Security Army (TKR).
Malang symbolizes various things through its monuments. One of them is Indonesia's historic landmark, the MiG-17 Airplane Monument with the NATO code "Fresco" located on Soekarno-Hatta Road. This monument is a symbol of the power of the Air Force. This aircraft is used during Operation Trikora and Confrontation. In addition, there is also a Statue of Ken Dedes Monument located at the entrance gate of Malang City north side.
The city of Malang also perpetuate one of the national figures, namely Chairil Anwar, a poet. He is immortalized by the Monument of Chairil Anwar located on Jalan Basuki Rahmat.
To symbolize the history of modern city of Malang and its identity, also built various monuments. Adipura Monument located on Jalan Semeru which indicates Adipura achievement by Malang City. As Bhumi Arema, there is Singo Edan Monument located in Bentoel Trunojoyo Park and Arema Monument located on Jalan Lembang to symbolize the pride of Malang citizen, against his club, Arema FC.
Malang is one of the oldest city since this city has been formed from the Dutch East Indies era. In addition, this city is also a center of settlement since the time of Kanjuruhan. Thus, Malang has experienced a long history. These historical proofs are kept in museums.
Museum
Malang which is the center of the settlement since antiquity has many historic relics ranging from relics of prehistoric to relics of the 1990s. In this city, the museum already exists to the sub-district level and with that, the government is also considered to be able to appreciate the cultural heritage of the heritage well. The museum that holds the relics of the era, among others Museum Mpu Purwa, museum containing the relics of Hindu-Buddhist, Museum Malang Tempo Doeloe, Malang history museum, and Brawijaya Museum, the museum of war of independence. In addition, there is also a museum that left a historical relic of a giant Indonesian company, the Bentoel Museum which contains the history of Bentoel Group and its founders.
As a city of education since the time of the Dutch East Indies, Malang also save a lot of scientific relics left by European scientists and Indonesia. Among the many museums that leave these relics, there is the Frater Vianney Zoological Museum which contains hundreds of collections of specimens and herpetology specimens.
Art
Malang is a city rich in art of dance. According to the cultural area (tlatah it), the city of Malang is included in the Arek Culture Tawarah. Thus, the dance of art in the city, especially the art of dance is more energetic, joyful, and straightforward Malang Dance varies, starting from the dance of welcome, namely Beskalan dance, dance tribute such as Bedayan dance, to Grebeg Wiratama dance which describes the spirit of war. Although there are many dances in addition to these dances, the famous Malang dance is the Malangan mask dance dance. The dance is a dance performances that all cast with mask. In general, the dance often uses the banner story, the classical Javanese classical land story.
In addition to dance, the city also has art in the form of performances. The most recent show is the Banteng show. This art evolved in villages rooted in the history of Singhasari in the district. However, some areas in the middle of the city that has been very modern also still have community Bantengan. This art involves the ancestors of the bull called by the elders. Bantengan is considered unique, but there are enough people who oppose it. Jaran Kepang Malangan was no less exciting. This show is an art show featuring a group of people ready to act with jaran kepang (piggyback). Sometimes, Jaran Kepang dancers experience a tangle.
Culinary
Malang is a culinary city, especially culinary with affordable price. The number of cheap culinary caused by residents of Malang City, which mostly are students and students from all over Indonesia. Malang, Java, Indonesia and European specialties exist in Malang because Malang is a multicultural city. In the matter of food, Malang is also known to have many stalls that are quite legendary and have lasted for tens of years. The shops, among others Toko Oen which was established since 1930; Warung Tahu Egg The bells that stood in the early 1900s to be called colonial to millennial food; and Gerai Putu Lanang Celaket established since 1935.
Culinary tour in the city was mixed with Malang Festival Tempo Doeloe. In the festival, dijuallah various culinary dishes of old, ranging from cenil, putu, until grendul. Old-time snacks such as sugarcane, cotton candy, and miller crackers were sold at the festival in 2012. Cassava sold is not a joke because the cotton candy is a print so that it can be formed-shape as corn, dragon, or flowers.
Environment
The city of Malang was chosen to be one of the five cities with the cleanest air in Asia. This achievement is one of the fruits of the common commitment of the people to continue to make and decorate the city park. The park in the city of Malang is known to be clean and has play facilities so that Malang gets a child friendly city title. Not only the village, local government also gave birth to thematic parks. The theme parks are very different from other cities so this helps the award of Best City Park. The theme parks can be found on the green line of Jakarta Street, namely Taman Kunang-Kunang.
The largest park in Malang is the Merdeka Square and Tugu Square (Monument Tugu Malang). Merdeka Square is located in front of the Office of the Regent of Malang and is the oldest square built in 1882. Not only that, the Merdeka Square also provides the point of child friendly games and fountains. Tugu Square, located right in front of Malang City Hall decorated by Tugu Malang, fountain, flower, pond with lotus, Malang flower, palm tree, and plastic lamp which shaped like sunflower. Although intended for the aesthetic element, the sunflower lamps are protested by the people around because it is considered not environmentally friendly and not good.
Some parks are the result of development of CSR funds. Among them is Slamet Park built with CSR funds from PT Bentoel Prima. Bentoel CSR funds are also used to renovate the park and Trunojoyo Park. One of the famous parks, namely Taman Singha Merjosari also renovated with CSR funds. However, CSR funds used are funds from telecommunications companies. CSR funds from education such as Yayasan Pendidikan Merdeka that overshadowed Merdeka University have disbursed CSR to revitalize Taman Terusan Dieng.
Conservation efforts
The government plays an active role in environmental conservation efforts. To add one point, in Adipura Kencana's achievement, the education office held a Green School Festival (GSF) held annually in the city's schools. GSF implementation method is considered good because it is forcing the participation of all schools. In addition, the Office of Housing and Settlement Area (Disperkim) also conducted a garden arrangement competition by realizing the importance of green open space for oxygen. After that, Disperkim also vigorously build a garden so that the town flower nickname more closely with the city of Malang. Malang City also seeks to utilize additional funds such as CSR funds to revitalize city parks. Thus, now the city of Malang is known as a viable city to build parks through CSR funds.
Transportation
Total road segment in Malang City is 2,960 segment with total length of road reach 1,027,112,20 meter (1,027 km). This road segment does not include provincial and state roads. In addition to connecting with National Road Route 23, Malang City is connected to provincial roads connecting districts and cities in East Java. To connect East Java, began to build the highway, one of which is Pandaan-Malang. This toll road will end in Madyopuro, Kedungkandang. Now the toll has entered the construction phase.
The Department of Transportation of Malang City operates urban transport and school buses. Both services serve both the center and the suburbs. Now there are 25 urban transport routes in the city. The school bus began operating on December 29, 2014 and there are now six school buses with six routes.
Malang Station located in the middle of the city is the main station of the city and serves 832,181 passengers with the number reaching 5 thousand people per day on the homecoming 2017. The station is the largest railway station in Malang and connect Malang with other big cities in Indonesia such as Surabaya, Bandung, and Jakarta. In addition to Malang Station, the city has two other stations, namely Malang Kotalama Station and Blimbing Station.
The city of Malang is served by Abdul Rachman Saleh Airport located in the district. The airport connects cities with domestic cities such as Jakarta and Makassar. Although it can issue an entry visa, Abdul Rachman Saleh Airport only serves domestic routes so that international passengers of Malang City will be served by Juanda International Airport in Sidoarjo.
According to the international Intrix Institute, Malang is one of the shortest in the world with total time spent in a traffic jam of 39.3 hours (20% of total time). According to UB's survey, 46.2% of urban residents consider congestion in the city to be included in the severe class. This congestion also eliminates the convenience of the tourists. The city government has tried to overcome it by memacanakan construction of monorails and underpasses. However, after conducting several comparative studies, the government stated that Malang City is unable to build monorails and underpasses for the reason that the cost is very expensive.
