Mount Rinjani is a mountain located on the island of Lombok, West Nusa Tenggara. The mountain which is the second highest volcano in Indonesia with an altitude of 3,726 m above sea level and located at latitudes 8º25' latitude and 116º28' east longitude is a favorite mountain for Indonesian climbers because of its beautiful scenery. This mountain is part of the Mount Rinjani National Park which has an area of about 41,330 ha and it will be proposed to increase it to 76,000 ha to the west and east. Administratively this mountain is in the area of three districts: East Lombok, Central Lombok and West Lombok. Mount Rinjani with the highest point of 3,726 m above sea level, dominates most of the scenery of the northern part of Lombok Island.
To the west of the Rinjani cone there is a caldera with an area of about 3,500 m × 4,800 m, extending east and west. In this caldera there is Segara Anak (segara = sea, lake) covering an area of 11,000,000 square meters with a depth of 230 m. The water flowing from this lake forms a very beautiful waterfall, flowing through a steep ravine. In Segara Anak there are many goldfish and tilapia so they are often used for fishing. The southern part of this lake is called Segara Endut.
On the east side of the caldera there is Mount Baru (or Mount Barujari) which has a crater measuring 170m×200 m with an altitude of 2,296 – 2376 m above sea level. This small mountain last erupted on October 25, 2015 and November 3, 2015, after previously recorded erupting in May 2009 and in 2004. If the 2004 eruption did not take any lives, the 2009 eruption has indirectly killed 31 people, due to flooding. a flash on the Kokok (River) Tanggek due to the pressure of lava into Segara Anak. Previously, Mount Barujari was recorded to have erupted in 1944 (as well as its formation), 1966, and 1994.
Besides Mount Barujari, there is also another crater that has erupted, called Mount Rombongan.
Stratigraphically, Mount Rinjani is covered by Neogene clastic sedimentary rocks (including limestone), and locally by Oligo-Miocene volcanic rocks. The Quaternary volcano itself produces mostly pyroclastic flows, interspersed with lava in some places. The lithology records some of the eruptions known in history. Since 1847 there have been 7 eruptions, with the shortest resting period of 1 year and the longest being 37 years.
As with other volcanoes, Koesoemadinata (1979) states that the activity of the Rinjani volcano after the formation of the caldera is rebuilding. Its activities are effusions that produce lava and explosives that form pyroclastic deposits. Lava is generally black in color, and when it oozes it looks like foam. The eruption after the caldera formation was relatively weak, and the lava released by the cones of Mount Barujari and Mount Rombongan was relatively more alkaline than other volcanic lavas in Indonesia. The possibility of hot clouds when the eruption peaked is very small. Eruption material is generally deposited in the interior of the caldera only.
Lava flows, eruptive lava, rain lava, and hot clouds avalanche have the opportunity to lead to Kokok Putih to Batusantek. Avalanche hot clouds can occur along new lava flows that are still moving, although the probability is small.
The shape of the Segara Anak Caldera, which is tapering to the west-east, is thought to be related to the fracture structure in the bedrock. Rinjani Volcano, which is located in the western part of the Banda Inner Arc system, was formed by the Indian Ocean floor subduction activity under the edge of the Southeast Asian Plate. The subduction line located in the south shows the presence of a north-south trending compression force. The west-east trending bedrock fracture, which affects the shape of the caldera, is thus interpreted as a release fracture caused by tensile forces. The structure was formed at least since the beginning of the Quaternary.
Mount Rinjani
Climbing Mount Rinjani (peak) is one of the mainstay attractions in the Mount Rinjani National Park area. Mount Rinjani is the second highest active volcanic mountain in Indonesia. The peak of Mount Rinjani is the destination of most of the adventurers and nature lovers who visit this area because if you have managed to reach the top it is a matter of pride. The enthusiasm of the nature lover community throughout the archipelago and even from abroad in climbing activities is quite large, this is evidenced by the increasing number of visitors who climb every year. Mass climbing activities are carried out from July to August, in August (mid) climbing participants are generally dominated by students from all over Indonesia who want to celebrate the Independence Day of the Republic of Indonesia at the summit of Mount Rinjani and Lake Segara Anak through activities “Tapak Rinjani” which is held regularly every year by a group of nature lovers on the island of Lombok in collaboration with the Mount Rinjani National Park Office.
The main charm of Mount Rinjani National Park which is very prospective is Segara Anak Lake, this location can be reached from two official climbing routes, namely the Senaru hiking trail and the Sembalun hiking trail.
To visit Lake Segara Anak from the Senaru route, it takes about 7-10 hours on foot (± 8 Km) from the gate of the hiking trail. Meanwhile, from the Sembalun hiking trail, it takes 8-10 hours. Lake Segara Anak with a height of ± 2,010 m above sea level and a lake depth of about ± 230 meters has a crescent-like shape with an area of about 1,100 hectares.
Around Lake Segara Anak there is a fairly wide and flat land, it can be used for camping/camping, visitors can also fish in the lake or soak in hot water containing sulfur.
Another object around Segara Anak Lake is the Upper Koko Puteq River ± 150 meters from Segara Anak Lake. In addition, there are also several caves such as the Susu Cave, Manik Cave, Payung Cave, Susu Cave, which are believed to be used as media for self-reflection and are often used as a place to meditate. While at the bottom of Segara Anak Lake there is a hot spring (Aik Kalak Pengkereman Jembangan) which is commonly used to test and bathe magical objects (swords, kris, badik, spears, machetes, etc.) Soaking it indicates that the objects are ugly/does not have supernatural powers, on the other hand, if the objects remain intact, it means that the objects have supernatural powers/are believed to have efficacy.
Rinjani has the best panoramic view of the mountains in Indonesia. Every year (June-August) many nature lovers visit from local residents, students, nature lovers.
The average air temperature is about 20 °C; as low as 12 °C. Strong winds at the peak are common in August.
Besides the peak, a place that is often visited is Segara Anakan, a lake located at an altitude of 2,000m above sea level. To reach this location, we can climb from Senaru village or Sembalun Lawang village (the two closest entry points at an altitude of 600m above sea level and 1150m above sea level) in the Sembalun area which is famous as the Ashitaba plantation area.
There are four official hiking routes to Mount Rinjani, the Sembalun Trail (East Lombok), the Senaru Trail (North Lombok), the Aik Berik Trail (Central Lombok), and the Timbanuh Trail (East Lombok).
Most climbers start the ascent from the Sembalun route and end the climb at Senaru, because it can save 700 m of altitude. The Sembalun route is rather long but flat, and the weather is hotter because it passes through the scorching savanna (cold temperatures but direct sun radiation burns the skin). sun protection cream is highly recommended.
From the Senaru Route, the climb does not stop, but the weather is gentle because it goes through the forest. From these two locations it takes about 7 hours to walk to the lip of the ridge at an altitude of 2,641m above sea level (arriving at Plawangan Senaru or Plawangan Sembalun). In this place the view towards the lake, as well as to the outside is very good. From Plawangan Senaru (if going up from Senaru direction) down to the lake through a steep wall to an altitude of 2,000 meters above sea level) which can be reached in 2 hours. On the lake we can camp, fishing (Carper, Mujair) a lot. Lombok residents have a tradition of visiting Segara saplings to soak in hot water pools and fishing.
To reach the top (from the lake) you have to walk up the western wall as high as 700m and climb the ridge as high as 1,000m which is taken in 2 stages of 3 hours and 4 hours. The first stage is to Plawangan Sembalun, the last camp to wait for the morning. The summit attack is usually done at 3 am to look for the beautiful moment - the sunrise at the top of Rinjani. The journey to the Peak is quite decent; because climbing on the crater rim with a mediocre margin of safety. Terrain of sand, rock, soil. The last 200 meters of altitude must be traversed with difficulty, because one step forward is followed by half a step down (fallen in gravel). Create a highlander - this is the most challenging and preferred place because the tough terrain pays off with its beautiful natural scenery. Mount Agung in Bali, Mount Raung in Banyuwangi and Mount Tambora in Sumbawa are clearly visible when the weather is good in the morning. To climb Rinjani no tools are needed, just enough stamina, patience and passion for climbers.
The whole trip can be achieved in a three-day and two-night program, or if you want to see two other objects: Susu Cave and Mount Baru Jari (a child of Mount Rinjani with a new crater in the middle of the lake) it takes an additional two days of travel. Logistics preparation is very necessary. It is recommended to use the services of an experienced local guide to risk getting lost and still respect the local traditional culture.
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