The City of Ambon, The City of a Million Tourist Charms in Eastern Indonesia

Ambon City or Ambong in the local language is the capital and largest city of Maluku Province. The city, which is located in the south of Ambon Island, originated from the establishment of a fort which has always been the center of urban growth. The city was founded by the Portuguese who named it Nossa Senhora da Anunciada. Since the days of the VOC and the Dutch, this city has grown rapidly as a center of spice cultivation and trade and is one of the important cities in the archipelago until now the seat of the provincial capital. Now, the city is positioned as a city headed by the mayor with the local people's representative council as the joint organizer.

Ambon City is the center of port, tourism and education for the Maluku Islands region. Of the several ports in the city, Yos Sudarso Port in this city is the main port of the city and province. The city is called the center of tourism because it offers various types of tourism, from nature, culture, maritime, to culinary. The existence of Ambon as an education center can be seen from the organization of educational parties, the high average length of schooling, and the availability of educational facilities and infrastructure since the colonial era. Apart from holding the title as the city of Indonesian music, Ambon is the first city in Southeast Asia to be awarded the World Music City by UNESCO.

Ambonese people can be said to be unique because Ambon is a diverse city because it has people from various ethnic groups, religions and races. The majority of Ambonese people come from the Ambon tribe, a local tribe. Even so, this diversity of unity has been shaken by several political conflicts that have led to great riots by inclusion of religion, such as in 1999.

Ambon has a variety of historical heritages, from the megalithic period to the Japanese in its eight villages which are still well preserved. These relics range from the Japanese military base, the Jami Kota mosque, to the bombs from World War II. This city also has a lot of Dutch and Portuguese heritage because Ambon is rich in nutmeg and cloves that Europeans craved in the past. In general, European heritage on the island of Ambon is in the form of a fortress.

The origins of the term Ambon are not easy to determine. According to information provided by local residents, the term comes from the word ombong which is a local formation of the word dew. The mountain peaks on Ambon Island are often covered with thick dew. The term Laha was once used to name the Nossa Senhora da Anunciada Fortress which became the forerunner of the city. In the local language, laha means port.

Although now the term Ambon refers to Ambon City, Ambon Island, and the Ambonese tribe, in historical developments (especially in the 20th century), the term Ambon refers to the inhabitants of Central Maluku. The phrase Ambonese people (Ambonezen) itself also refers to residents in Central Maluku, although initially it was only used for residents of Ambon City who have a mestizo culture.

Fort Victoria

The city of Ambon began to develop since the arrival of the Portuguese in 1513. Then, around 1575, the Portuguese authorities mobilized the surrounding population to build Laha or Ferangi City Fort, which at that time was named Nossa Senhora da Anunciada on the Honipopu Plain. In development, the working community established an organization in the form of a village such as Soya which became the basis of Ambon City because in its subsequent development the community had become a regular territorial geneological society.

After the Dutch succeeded in controlling the Maluku Islands and especially Ambon from Portuguese rule, the Nossa Senhora de Anunciada fort was captured in 1605 and made the center of colonial government and was named Victoria. This fort was hit by a great earthquake and was badly damaged, then renovated and was renamed Nieuw Victoria. Despite its new name Nieuw Victoria, this fort is better known to the local people as Victoria Fort. This fort is famous as the place where Pattimura was hanged on December 16, 1817. National Hero Slamet Rijadi also died at this fort in battle against the troops of the Republic of Maluku

Ambon has many tourist attractions
In nature, however, administratively, most of the very famous tourist objects are located in Central Maluku Regency, but accessed via Ambon City. Of the beaches on Ambon Island, the most famous beach is Natsepa Beach which is located in Suli Village, Central Maluku. which is famous for its natsepa salad. In addition, there is also Liang Beach which is located in Liang, Sala Hutu, Central Maluku. For diving activities, there is Nusa Pombo, an island located between Ambon Island and Haruku Island. On the other hand, there are only a few local tourism spots in the administrative area of ​​the city and they are not as well-known as the local excursions in the regency, but they are no less good than them. Among them the most famous is Pintu Kota Beach. Pintu Kota Beach is a beach that is famous for its uniqueness, namely the presence of large holes that break through the cliffs until they penetrate on both sides. There is also Namasua Beach, located in Naku, which is still rarely known. Apart from the beach, there is also Anihang Waterfall in Naku

At least this time, a list of tourist attractions in Ambon will be presented that you can use as a guide when traveling to this city later. The following are choices of tourist destinations:
1. Molana Island
There are tourist destinations that are no less interesting in Haria Village. Because you can visit Molana Island, which is a small island that is overgrown with mangroves, has beautiful white sand, clear sea water and charming coral reefs.

This small island is truly beautiful, therefore visiting places is a must if you are on vacation in Ambon. You can come when the weather is clear from morning to around 5 in the afternoon because this island will be submerged when the tide is in.

2. Bair Island
Bair Island is often compared to Raja Ampat in Papua. This is quite natural because of the natural beauty and the clear waters in this place is very beautiful.

I am so clear that you can see the bottom of these waters clearly. In addition, you can see mangrove forests that grow naturally and cliffs that make this place look more beautiful.

3. Nusa Pombo
You need approximately one hour by boat to reach this tourist destination from the port of Ambon. Nusa Pombo is a beautiful uninhabited island, so you have to prepare many things if you want to visit.
While here you can snorkel or just swim. You can also build a tent to spend the night in this place to enjoy a night view that is no less beautiful in Nusa Pombo.

4. Beach Relaxing
This beach, which is located in Latulahat Village, with a distance of 16 km from Ambon City, is a place to relax or hang out for those of you who want to feel free from the fatigue of your daily routine.

You can rent snorkeling equipment, rent a boat or just relax while enjoying drinks and snacks while on this beach.

5. Ora Beach
The beach location is actually quite far from Ambon City. It takes you hours to get to this beach, besides that the cost is also quite large so you have to prepare supplies and be physically strong beforehand.

However, when you arrive you will be on a very beautiful beach like being in heaven. This place presents a natural view with a clean, clear and fresh sea.

6. Telaga Pange Waterfall
Valuable objects are usually hidden, as well as this waterfall. The location is quite difficult to reach because the paths are difficult to pass, but you will not be disappointed to visit this place because the waterfall is very beautiful.

While walking, you can enjoy the beautiful scenery of the forest which is synonymous with the fresh air. Therefore, you can get lots of great photos while here.

7. Fort Amsterdam Hila
This fort is in Hila District, Ambon City. Because of the short distance you can visit this place on the first day when you arrive in Ambon.

This historic fort was built and used for various functions during the Dutch colonial period. At first this place became a storage warehouse for spices but turned into a military fort by the Dutch soldiers.

8. Fort Belgica
This fort is one of the largest and most magnificent in Ambon, precisely in Banda District. The existence of the fort is quite strategic because it can oversee a large area so that you can see various beautiful natural panoramas of this fort.

The most unique thing is in the form of the fort which forms a rectangle. Of course, this form has its own history and you can find this out by visiting this tourist spot later.

9. Ferangi Fort
The Portuguese fort was originally the center of government and storage for spices. However, after Indonesia's independence, this fort became a historical tourist spot which was visited by many tourists because of its close distance from Ambon City.

When you enter, you can find a variety of ancient cannons that are very large in size. Besides that, there are many other historical objects that you can see in this fort.

10. Cliffs of Hatu Pia
Ambon has other tourist attractions that are no less beautiful, namely the Hatu Pia Cliff in Sawai Village. This cliff has a stunning and exotic view.

There is a hut that was deliberately built in this place. So you can take lots of Instagram-able photos to show off on your social media.

11. Liliboi Hole Stone
There is a hidden tourist spot in West Leihitu District in the form of a fresh water pool close to the sea. The separator between these two waters is a rock wall. However, there is a hole that looks like a gate to enter the two types of water.

This tourist destination is very beautiful and interesting. You can enjoy the beautiful natural scenery while bathing and swimming in fresh or salt water pools as you like.

12. Natsepa Beach
Approximately 40 km from Ambon City, you can visit Natsepa Beach which has its own characteristics. This beach is located in Salahutu District and is quite easy to visit because the road access is quite good.

This beach has a beautiful view complete with clear water. While you are here you can swim, enjoy fresh seafood or taste the fresh and delicious Natsepa Beach fruit salad.

13. City Door Beach
This beautiful beach is located in Nusaniwe Village, which is not so far from Ambon City. When entering this beach you will pass a rock hole that resembles a gate.

The view from this gate is very beautiful, besides that the water is clear so you won't be patient to swim right away. This place is often used to make pre-wedding videos or photos.

14. Wapauwe Mosque
The mosque building in Atetu Village is the oldest around Ambon. The interesting thing is that the building materials of the mosque are mostly made of sago fronds and do not use any nails in this mosque.

According to the local community, the Wapawue Mosque can move places by itself when dawn arrives. Historically this mosque has moved twice, but how the process of moving is not explained in detail.

15. Tulehu Hot Spring
About 30 km from Ambon City you can find natural hot springs around the hills on the outskirts of Ambon. What is unique is that there are two hot tubs that have different temperatures.

You can find various complementary facilities while you are here such as huts for hanging out, places of worship, stalls and even karaoke places that will complement your day with friends or family later.

16. Cave Hawang
Do you want a tourist spot that is a little different? If so, then come to Kei Kecil Island because you will find an incredibly beautiful cave. This place is quite complete as a natural water tour, because you can swim while enjoying the clear water and the beauty of Hawang Cave.

This cave is always submerged in sea water so you will notice that the rocks on the cave ceiling are formed because they are often exposed to water. In addition, the water looks clear blue so that this place is often visited by tourists.

17.Makariki Cliffs
Tourist locations are very difficult to pass because of the remote location and the paths are quite steep. Because of that, there are still few tourists who come here and only people who have the intention and have an adventurous spirit have ever come to this place.

However, your efforts and hard work during the trip will pay off because the natural panorama is very beautiful. This view is more complete when accompanied by the cool wind that blows and the very clear sea water.

That is a list of tourist attractions in Ambon City that you can choose when going on vacation to this place later. All of these places are still natural and kept clean, so that your holiday is guaranteed to be very meaningful, especially if you capture these moments in a photo album.

Makassar city, The Largest Metropolitan city in Eastern Indonesia

Makassar City (formerly Ujung Pandang) is the capital of South Sulawesi province. Makassar is the largest metropolitan city in eastern Indonesia and has in the past been the capital of the State of East Indonesia and Sulawesi Province. Makassar is located on the southwest coast of Sulawesi Island and borders Makassar Strait in the west, Pangkajene Islands Regency in the north, Maros regency in the east and Gowa regency in the south.

From the aspect of development and infrastructure, the city of Makassar is one of the metropolitan cities in Indonesia, the largest city outside Java after Medan. With an area of 199.26 km² and a population of more than 1.6 million people, the city is ranked fifth largest city in Indonesia after Jakarta, Surabaya, Bandung and Medan. Demographically, the city belongs to a multi ethnic or multi-cultural type with various ethnic groups residing in it, among which significant numbers are Bugis, Toraja, Mandar, Buton, Java, and Tionghoa. Makassar typical food that is commonly found in remote corners of the city is Coto Makassar, Roti Maros, Jalangkote, Bassang, Cake Tori, Palubutung, Banana Ijo, Sop Saudara and Konro Sop.

History

The name Makassar has been mentioned in pupuh 14/3 Nagarakretagama works by Mpu Prapanca in the 14th century, as one of the conquered areas of Majapahit. Nevertheless, the 9th King of Gowa Tumaparisi Kallonna (1510-1546) is thought to be the first person who actually developed the city of Makassar. He moved the royal center from the hinterland to the coast, built a fortress at the mouth of the Jeneberang River, and appointed a shahbandar to regulate trade.

In the 16th century, Makassar became the dominant trade center in Eastern Indonesia, as well as being one of the largest cities in Southeast Asia. The kings of Makassar applied a strict free trade policy, in which all visitors to Makassar were entitled to trade there and reject the VOC (Dutch) effort to obtain monopoly rights in the city.

Moreover, tolerant attitude towards religion means that although Islam is increasingly becoming the main religion in the region, Christians and other faiths can still trade in Makassar. This made Makassar an important center for Malays who worked in trade in the Maluku Islands and also became an important base for traders from Europe and Arabia.All these privileges are inseparable from the wisdom of King Gowa-Tallo who ruled at that time (Sultan Alauddin, King of Gowa, and Sultan Awalul Islam, King Tallo).

The control of the Makassar rulers is declining as the stronger Dutch influence in the region and the strengthening of the monopoly politics of the Dutch spice trade through the VOC. In 1669, the Netherlands, together with La Tenri Tatta Arung Palakka and some kingdoms of Dutch allies Conducted an assault on the Gowa-Tallo Islamic empire which they regarded as the greatest Barrier Stone to master the spices of eastern Indonesia. After an all-out war defending the kingdom against some royal coalition led by the Dutch, finally Gowa-Tallo (Makassar) was pressed and forced to sign the Bongaya Treaty.

Naming

The city was formerly named Ujung Pandang and used from about 1971 until 1999. The reason to change the name of Makassar to Ujung Pandang is the political reason, partly because Makassar is the name of a tribe when not all residents of Makassar are members of the ethnic Makassar .

The Second World War and the establishment of the Republic of Indonesia once again changed the face of Makassar. The abandonment of most of its foreigners in 1949 and the nationalization of foreign companies in the late 1950s brought it back to a provincial city. In fact, Makassar's native nature was even more disappearing with the arrival of new citizens from rural areas trying to save themselves from the turmoil caused by post-revolutionary upheavals. Between the 1930s and 1961 the population increased from about 90,000 to nearly 400,000, more than half of newcomers from out of town. This is reflected in the name change of the city to Ujung Pandang based on the nickname "Jumpandang" which for centuries marked the city of Makassar for the inland people in 1971. New in 1999 the city was re-named Makassar, exactly 13 October based on Government Regulation No. 86 1999 Name Ujung Pandang returned to the City of Makassar and according to Local Government Act area of the area increased approximately 4 miles towards the sea 10,000 Ha, to 27,577Ha.

Ujung Pandang itself is the name of a village within the area of Makassar City. Starting near Ujung Pandang Fort now, lie a promontory overlaid with pandanus clumps. Now the cape is no more. The name Ujung Pandang began to be known during the reign of King Gowa X, Tunipalangga which in 1545 established Ujung Pandang fort as the completion of fortresses of the existing kingdom of Gowa, including Barombong, Somba Opu, Panakukang and other small fortresses.

After the outside of the fort was completed, a typical Gowa (Ballak Lompoa) building was built inside it made of wood. While in the vicinity of the fortress formed a village that increasingly crowded. There Jourpandan village (Juppandang). While the Castle used as a small town on the beach Losari.

A few years later Ujung Pandang fortress fell into the hands of the Dutch, after the war of Makassar, with the approval of Bungaya Treaty of 1667, the fort was handed over. Then Speelmen changed his name to Fort Rotterdam. The Gowa-patterned buildings at Fort Rotterdam are slowly being replaced by Western-style buildings as we can see today.

The name of Makassar City changed to Ujung Pandang occurred on August 31, 1971, based on Government Regulation no. 51 in 1971. At that time the city of Makassar was expanded from 21 square kilometers to 115.87 Kilometers square, consisting of 11 districts and 62 neighborhoods with a population of about 700 thousand inhabitants. This pemekaran adopted part of the three districts of Maros, Gowa and Pangkajene Islands. As a "compensation" the name of Makassar changed to Ujung Pandang.

About the historic incident, the Mayor of Makassar H.M.Daeng Patompo (alm) argued "forced" to approve the changes, for the expansion of the city area. For Gowa Regent Colonel K.S. Mas'ud and Regent Maros Colonel H.M. Kasim DM strongly opposed the pemekaran. Fortunately, the conflict can be muted after Pangkowilhan III Lieutenant General Kemal Idris became mediator, the second result of the Regent of the area, willing to give up some of its territory as long as the name of Makassar replaced.

Since the beginning of the process of changing the name Makassar into Ujung Pandang, has received protests from among the public. Closely among culturalists, artists, historians, lawyers and pebisinis. Even when it was briefed Petisi Makassar by Prof.Dr.Andi Zainal Abidin Farid SH, Prof.Dr.Mattulada and Drs.H.D.Mangemba, from Makassar petition declaration this polemic about the name continues to flow in the form of seminars, workshops and so on.

Several seminars discussing the polemic of the Makassar substitution include:

Makassar seminar which was held on 21 March 1981 at Hotel Raodah, organized by SOKSI Sulsel.

Discussion panel Shining Makassar held November 10, 1991 in the building People's Daily III floor. "Makassar Birthday Search Seminar", August 21, 1995 at Makassar Golden Hotel.

However, neither the local government nor the local parliament has been moved to restore the name of Makassar to the capital of South Sulawesi Province. The fate of the city "Daeng" is almost uncertain, until finally dipenghujung the term of President BJ Habibie, Makassar's name is returned, without going through a convoluted process.

In the consideration of Government Regulation no. 86 of 1999, among which states that the change is a manifestation of the wishes of Ujung Pandang people with the support of Parliament Ujung Pandang and this change in line with Article 5 paragraph (3) of Law RI Number 22 of 1999, that the change of name of the region, stipulated by Government Regulation .

Along with the change and restore the name of Makassar, Ujung Pandang name is now a memory and then all elements of urban society ranging from the humanist, the government and the community then conduct penelaj and review of history of Makassar, the result of Local Government Number 1 Year 2000, set the Day of Makassar, dated November 9, 1607. And for the first time Makassar City Anniversary to 393, commemorated on 9 November 2000. The name Makassar comes from a word in Makassar "Mangkasarak" which means the self or open.

Transportation

Sea

Soekarno-Hatta Makassar Makassar In Makassar, Soekarno-Hatta became the name of the port, especially the port for passenger ships and passenger terminals. The port is managed by PT Pelabuhan Indonesia IV (Pelindo IV).

In this passenger harbor area is the Babussalam Mosque. The mosque was inaugurated by President Megawati, coinciding with the inauguration of Makassar Container Terminal, on July 21, 2001. While at the northern end of the harbor, or the end of the Nusantara road, there was the start of Reform Toll Road (Makassar Ringway) connecting the port area with the city center.

Air

The city of Makassar has an international airport, Sultan Hasanuddin International Airport which on 26 September 2008 was inaugurated by the President of Indonesia Susilo Bambang Yudhoyono indicating that at that time the Sultan Hasanuddin International Airport was fully operational where it had previously operated but only partially. Hasanuddin Airport also has a special airport taxi with prices varying according to the region of the intended area as well as special shuttle buses that serve the route from and to the new airport. Even many dark taxis are also offering services to passengers who just arrived in Makassar. In 2009 it is expected that the new runway will be completed and can be used.

Land

Pete-pete is an angkot designation in Makassar and its surroundings. Pete-pete red is an angkot originating from Gowa Regency and serves inter-city transportation, while pete-pete blue is an angkot originating from Makassar City itself and only serves transportation in Makassar area only.

Economy

Economic growth rate Makassar is ranked highest in Indonesia. In the last five years, the average economic growth of Makassar City is above 9%. Even in 2008, economic growth of Makassar City reached 10.83%. The rapid economic growth of the time, along with the onslaught of infrastructure development that encouraged economic turnover, such as the construction of Sultan Hasanuddin International Airport, toll roads and World Class Trans Studio facilities in Tanjung Bunga Mandiri City.

Tourism, Art and Culture

Art and culture

The traditional game attraction "Ma'raga"

It is a show of ball game that is moved from foot to foot or to hand, the show is played with joy. The players use traditional clothes such as passapu and sarong, usually played by 6 players. This performance will be more interesting when the players start supporting each other up to the higher and still skillful to play the ball and not fall to the ground.

Folk game attraction "Mappadendang"

Magical Dance "Pepe-pepeki ri Makka"

Bissu ritual dance "Ma'giri"

The drummer "Gandrang Bulo"

Traditional dances such as Pakarena Dance

Tourist attraction

Modern Makassar has many tourist attractions that are used for the entertainment needs of the people of Makassar as well as for tourists who come from cities and other countries. Some of the most popular amongst the maassar are:

Losari beach

Fort Rotterdam

Fort Rotterdam Fort is one of the strongholds in South Sulawesi that can be considered magnificent and charming. This fortress is a historical heritage of Gowa Sultanate, this Sultanate had triumphed around the 17th century with the capital city of Makassar. The Sultanate actually has 17 forts surrounding the entire capital city. However, Fort Rotterdam Fort is the most magnificent fortress among other fortresses and its authenticity is still preserved today.

Akarena Beach

Lae-Lae Island

Khayangan Island

Samalona Island

Barombong Beach

Tomb of the Tallo Kings

Port of Paotere

garden Tomb of Heroes

Trans Studio (Indoor Theme Park largest in Indonesia)

Lakkang Delta Tourism Village

Kapoposang Island

Galesong North Beach

Fort Panyua

The walls of this fort are steadily towering as high as 5 meters with a wall thickness of about 2 meters, with a small main door. When viewed from the air of this fort is a square like a turtle that wants to enter into the beach. Because this fort looks like a turtle, sometimes also this fort is also called the Castle Panynyua (Turtle). This fort has 5 Bastion, which is a stronger building and its position is higher in every corner of the fort which is usually placed canon or cannon on it.

The Malang city, the beatiful city in East Java Indonesia

The city of Malang is a city located in East Java Province, Indonesia, the second largest city in East Java after Surabaya, and the 12th largest city in Indonesia. The city was established during the time of the Kingdom of Kanjuruhan and is located on a plateau of 145.28 km2 located in the middle of Malang Regency. Together with Batu City and Malang Regency, Malang City is part of unity of region known as Malang Raya.

Malang city well known for being labeled as city of education. The city has various best universities such as Universitas Brawijaya and Universitas Negeri Malang. In addition, the city is a tourism city because of its charming nature surrounded by mountains and its cool air. Malang is also famous as a flower city because of the many flowers that adorn the city. The city of Malang is also an art city because of the many unique arts from this city, from dance to show.

Malang City has a wide range of people from various ethnic groups and cultures. The population of Malang city reached 895,387 people with the majority Javanese, followed by Madura. The metroplitan area of Malang, Malang Raya, is the second largest metropolitan area in East Java after Gerbangkertosusila. If viewed from the cultural side, Malang is included in the Arek Cultural Area.

The city of Malang holds various historical relics. This city holds a relic of the Kingdom of Kanjuruhan to the Netherlands. The remains of the Dutch in general are ancient buildings such as the Kayutangan Church with gothic architecture. Malang also held various events to preserve cultural heritage, one of them like Malang Tempo Doeloe Festival. Malang also has many historical relics that become landmarks such as Tugu Malang (Round Square).

History

Antiquity

Basin area of Malang has existed since ancient time as residential area. The number of rivers that flow around this place make Malang area residential area. The Dinoyo and Tlogomas regions are known to be prehistoric settlements. Furthermore, various inscriptions (eg Dinoyo Inscriptions), temple buildings and statues, traces of brick foundations, former drainage canals, and various pottery found from the late Kanjuruhan period (8th and 9th centuries) are also found in adjacent place.

The origin of the name of Malang

The name of Malang is still studied its origins by historians. According to the first hypothesis, Malangkuçeçwara inscribed in the city's emblem is the name of a sacred building located on Mount Buring which has a peak called Malang. The second hypothesis assumes that the true location of the sacred building is located in the Tumpang area, somewhere north of Malang. Until now in the area there is still a village named Malangsuko, which by some historians, allegedly derived from Malankuça word pronounced upside down.

Although these hypotheses have not been determined, in a copper inscription discovered at the end of 1974 on a plantation in Wlingi, Blitar is written in one of its parts as follows.

... sakrid panels of Malang-sense

wacid opponent macu pasabhanira

dyah Limpa Makanagran I ...

... to the east where hunting around Malang

together with wacid and mancu,

Dyah Limpa's rice field is ...

From the sound of the inscription it turns out Malang is a place to the east of the places mentioned in the inscription. From this inscription obtained a proof that the use of the name of Malang has existed at least since the 12th century AD.

The name Malangkuçeçwara consists of 3 words, ie mala which means cheating, falsehood, and evil, angkuça which means to destroy or destroy, and içwara which means God. Therefore, Malangkuçeçwara means God has destroyed evil.

The preceding hypotheses differ from one opinion which suggests that the name Malang derives from the word denied or obstructed (in Javanese means Malang). One day, Sunan Mataram who wanted to expand his influence to East Java had tried to occupy the area of Malang, but the local people denied it. Since then also the area named Malang.

The period of the Hindu and Islamic kingdoms

The emergence of the Kingdom of Kanjuruhan, by historians is seen as an early milestone of the growth of the central government that until now, after 12 centuries ago, has developed into the city of Malang. Therefore, the kingdom is considered the forerunner of this city.

After the kingdom of Kanjuruhan, in the golden days of the kingdom of Singhasari (1000 years after Christ) in the area of Malang still found a prosperous kingdom, many inhabitants as well as fertile farmland. When Islam conquered Majapahit Kingdom around 1400, Patih Majapahit fled to Malang area. Sultan Mataram from Central Java finally came and succeeded in conquering this area in 1614 after receiving strong resistance from the people of this region.

Colonial period

Netherlands

In the colonial period of Dutch East Indies, precisely on April 1, 1914 area of Malang became gemente (municipality). As with most other cities in Indonesia in general, the modern city of Malang grew and developed after the presence of Dutch East Indies colonial administration. Public facilities are planned in such a way as to meet the needs of Dutch families. Discriminatory impression is still left to this day, such as Jalan Ijen and surrounding areas.

Japan

During the Japanese residence in Indonesia, the city of Malang which is part of Indonesia also participated occupied by Japan. Bala Army Dai Nippon began to occupy the city of Malang on March 7, 1942. During the Japanese occupation there was a transitional building function. The dwellings of the Dutch were restored. The Netherlands Building at Jalan Semeru No. 42 which used to be the office or headquarters of the Dutch troops converted into the Kentapetai building.

Geography

Malang is located in the middle of Malang Regency and south side of Java Island. The city has an area of 145.28 km2. The city is bordered by Singosari and Karangploso sub-districts on the north side; District Pakis and District Tumpang on the east side; Tajinan and Pakisaji sub-districts on the south side; and Wagir and Dau sub-districts on the west side which are all subdistricts in Malang Regency.

The parts of Malang City have their own peculiarities so that it has its own compatibility in various activities. The southern part of Malang City is a large enough plateau that is suitable for industry; the northern part is a fertile soil that is suitable for agriculture; the eastern part is a plateau with a less fertile state; and the western part is a vast plateau and is now an educational area.

Malang City is passed by one of the longest river in Indonesia and the second longest in Java Island after Bengawan Solo, Brantas River whose springs are located on the slopes of Mount Arjuno in the northwest of the city. The second longest river in Malang is the Metro River through Malang City in Karangbesuki Village, Kecamatan Sukun.

The city of Malang is located in the highlands. The city lies at an altitude between 440-667 meters above sea level. The highest point of this city is in CitraGarden City Malang, an independent city, while the lowest area of Malang is located in Dieng area.

The city of Malang is surrounded by mountains and mountains. The city is surrounded by Mount Arjuno in the north; Mount Semeru to the east; Gunung Kawi and Mount Panderman in the west; Mount Kelud in the south.

Climate

Malang city has tropical climate. According to the climatic conditions of Malang City during the year 2016 recorded average air temperature ranges between 22.4 ° C-24.3 ° C, while the maximum temperature reaches 30.2 ° C and minimum temperature of 16.5 ° C.

From the observation of Klimploso Klimatologi Station, the relatively high rainfall occurred in February, November, and December. Meanwhile, in June and September rainfall is relatively low. Maximum wind speed occurs in May, September, and July.

Tourism

Tourism in Malang is quite big. In 2016, recorded number of domestic tourists in the city of Malang amounted to 3.987.074 people, while foreign tourists amounted to 9,535 people. The number of tourists in 2016 is a significant spike from the previous year. By looking at the evidence, the government is optimistic the number of tourist visits, especially abroad will continue to increase.

Village tour

Malang is known to have a lot of thematic villages that have rural and distinctive nuances. Among them, the most famous is Kampung Wisata Jodipan (Kampung Warna-Warni), the first colorful hometown in Indonesia that became one of the favorite destinations in Malang. In addition, there is also Kampung Tridi which is located opposite the Colorful Villages which is famous for its mural artwork on its residential walls, such as Haji Lane in Singapore. Both villages are connected by a glass bridge. Both are a favorite selfie place for tourists.

In addition, there is also a tourist village in the city of Malang is famous for its environmental friendliness and greenness. Among these are the Glintung Go Green Village (3G) located in Purwantoro and Kampung Bamboo Mewek in Tunjungsekar. Environmental friendliness in Kampung 3G can be seen from the full village by the plant. Kampung 3G is also the first water conservation village in Indonesia. Meanwhile, Kampung Bamboo Mewek is considered environmentally friendly because it is full of trees and bamboo and is a conservation village.

As a cultured city, Malang also has cultural villages. Kampung Budaya Polowijen is one of them. This village is considered a cultural hometown for storing and displaying various cultural heritage sites: malangan mask, Mbah Reni tomb, the first malangan mask maker, and Sumur Windu, where Ken Dedes bathing in antiquity. This village also has a unique library located in the gazebo. In addition to the village, there is also the Village Mask Malangan. As the name implies, starting from the gate to the area, visitors will be greeted by hundreds of masks with different colors and various characters as in the banner stories.

Supporting facilities and infrastructure

In February 2015, the Government of Malang City launched a bus system of green-colored tourist bus called Macito Bus, abbreviation of Malang City Tour provided free of charge and specifically for the tourists. This bus operates in Malang City from the front of Parliament building of Malang City and its route passes several important points in every corner of the city, among them some important museums, Ijen Road area, culinary tour, and so on. This bus has a capacity of 40 passengers with a ration around three times.

The lodging facilities for tourism in Malang City vary, ranging from hotels, apartments, guesthouses, to shelter houses scattered throughout the city. This diversity is supported by the fact that Malang is the most popular tourist destination in Indonesia after Bali, Bandung, and Yogyakarta. The most famous hotel in town is Hotel Tugu. This is because the hotel is well known among foreign tourists and the hotel often spends its visitors with various events. Another famous hotel is Hotel Pelangi because the hotel has a collection of Dutch paintings.

Culture

Relics and historical sites

Because it has been inhabited since prehistoric times, has been found various relics of prehistoric times in Malang. In Bakalankrajan, the people find mortars and dolmen. In addition, also found a mortar and a rock scratch in Tlogomas which is now in the Museum Mpu Purwa. In addition, the legacy of the Hindu-Buddhist Kingdom was not lost. Has been found place of worship of Hindu of Shiva sect at the time of Singhasari or Majapahit named Ketawanggede Site.

The most famous legacy is the relics of the Dutch period. There are relics such as ceramic paintings at Pelangi Hotel, Dutch heritage buildings in the area of Jalan Ijen, and ancient buildings with charming architecture. Ijen Road Area is one of the relics of the architect Herman Thomas Karsten. The Dutch left some utilities such as drainage channels. Little relics like the money of the ancient Dutch was exhibited in 2013.

Monuments and memorials

As a big city, Malang City is involved in various historic events that occurred in Indonesia. To mark the event, monuments and memorials were built. Malang City collects many monuments and memorials symbolizing historical events, history of Malang prapenjajahan, achievements of Malang, and others. Historical events, especially the independence struggle which has the most monuments. The monuments, among them Tugu Monument Malang that signifies independence from the Netherlands; TGP Monument (Army of Student Genie) built to commemorate the struggle of TGP; Monument to the Heroes of the Armed Forces of the Republic of Indonesia Students (TRIP), monuments of the TRIP heroes; Juang '45 monument marking the collapse of colonialism; Hamid Rusdi monument recalled Hamid Rusdi; Monument Commander Sudirman who commemorates the struggle of Panglima Soedirman; KNIP Monument Malang, historical monument of the Central Indonesian National Committee (KNIP); and Monument Melati (Monument Cadets Suropati), a monument of appreciation of the emergency school in the early formation of the People's Security Army (TKR).

Malang symbolizes various things through its monuments. One of them is Indonesia's historic landmark, the MiG-17 Airplane Monument with the NATO code "Fresco" located on Soekarno-Hatta Road. This monument is a symbol of the power of the Air Force. This aircraft is used during Operation Trikora and Confrontation. In addition, there is also a Statue of Ken Dedes Monument located at the entrance gate of Malang City north side.

The city of Malang also perpetuate one of the national figures, namely Chairil Anwar, a poet. He is immortalized by the Monument of Chairil Anwar located on Jalan Basuki Rahmat.

To symbolize the history of modern city of Malang and its identity, also built various monuments. Adipura Monument located on Jalan Semeru which indicates Adipura achievement by Malang City. As Bhumi Arema, there is Singo Edan Monument located in Bentoel Trunojoyo Park and Arema Monument located on Jalan Lembang to symbolize the pride of Malang citizen, against his club, Arema FC.

Malang is one of the oldest city since this city has been formed from the Dutch East Indies era. In addition, this city is also a center of settlement since the time of Kanjuruhan. Thus, Malang has experienced a long history. These historical proofs are kept in museums.

Museum

Malang which is the center of the settlement since antiquity has many historic relics ranging from relics of prehistoric to relics of the 1990s. In this city, the museum already exists to the sub-district level and with that, the government is also considered to be able to appreciate the cultural heritage of the heritage well. The museum that holds the relics of the era, among others Museum Mpu Purwa, museum containing the relics of Hindu-Buddhist, Museum Malang Tempo Doeloe, Malang history museum, and Brawijaya Museum, the museum of war of independence. In addition, there is also a museum that left a historical relic of a giant Indonesian company, the Bentoel Museum which contains the history of Bentoel Group and its founders.

As a city of education since the time of the Dutch East Indies, Malang also save a lot of scientific relics left by European scientists and Indonesia. Among the many museums that leave these relics, there is the Frater Vianney Zoological Museum which contains hundreds of collections of specimens and herpetology specimens.

Art

Malang is a city rich in art of dance. According to the cultural area (tlatah it), the city of Malang is included in the Arek Culture Tawarah. Thus, the dance of art in the city, especially the art of dance is more energetic, joyful, and straightforward Malang Dance varies, starting from the dance of welcome, namely Beskalan dance, dance tribute such as Bedayan dance, to Grebeg Wiratama dance which describes the spirit of war. Although there are many dances in addition to these dances, the famous Malang dance is the Malangan mask dance dance. The dance is a dance performances that all cast with mask. In general, the dance often uses the banner story, the classical Javanese classical land story.

In addition to dance, the city also has art in the form of performances. The most recent show is the Banteng show. This art evolved in villages rooted in the history of Singhasari in the district. However, some areas in the middle of the city that has been very modern also still have community Bantengan. This art involves the ancestors of the bull called by the elders. Bantengan is considered unique, but there are enough people who oppose it. Jaran Kepang Malangan was no less exciting. This show is an art show featuring a group of people ready to act with jaran kepang (piggyback). Sometimes, Jaran Kepang dancers experience a tangle.

Culinary

Malang is a culinary city, especially culinary with affordable price. The number of cheap culinary caused by residents of Malang City, which mostly are students and students from all over Indonesia. Malang, Java, Indonesia and European specialties exist in Malang because Malang is a multicultural city. In the matter of food, Malang is also known to have many stalls that are quite legendary and have lasted for tens of years. The shops, among others Toko Oen which was established since 1930; Warung Tahu Egg The bells that stood in the early 1900s to be called colonial to millennial food; and Gerai Putu Lanang Celaket established since 1935.

Culinary tour in the city was mixed with Malang Festival Tempo Doeloe. In the festival, dijuallah various culinary dishes of old, ranging from cenil, putu, until grendul. Old-time snacks such as sugarcane, cotton candy, and miller crackers were sold at the festival in 2012. Cassava sold is not a joke because the cotton candy is a print so that it can be formed-shape as corn, dragon, or flowers.

Environment

The city of Malang was chosen to be one of the five cities with the cleanest air in Asia. This achievement is one of the fruits of the common commitment of the people to continue to make and decorate the city park. The park in the city of Malang is known to be clean and has play facilities so that Malang gets a child friendly city title. Not only the village, local government also gave birth to thematic parks. The theme parks are very different from other cities so this helps the award of Best City Park. The theme parks can be found on the green line of Jakarta Street, namely Taman Kunang-Kunang.

The largest park in Malang is the Merdeka Square and Tugu Square (Monument Tugu Malang). Merdeka Square is located in front of the Office of the Regent of Malang and is the oldest square built in 1882. Not only that, the Merdeka Square also provides the point of child friendly games and fountains. Tugu Square, located right in front of Malang City Hall decorated by Tugu Malang, fountain, flower, pond with lotus, Malang flower, palm tree, and plastic lamp which shaped like sunflower. Although intended for the aesthetic element, the sunflower lamps are protested by the people around because it is considered not environmentally friendly and not good.

Some parks are the result of development of CSR funds. Among them is Slamet Park built with CSR funds from PT Bentoel Prima. Bentoel CSR funds are also used to renovate the park and Trunojoyo Park. One of the famous parks, namely Taman Singha Merjosari also renovated with CSR funds. However, CSR funds used are funds from telecommunications companies. CSR funds from education such as Yayasan Pendidikan Merdeka that overshadowed Merdeka University have disbursed CSR to revitalize Taman Terusan Dieng.

Conservation efforts

The government plays an active role in environmental conservation efforts. To add one point, in Adipura Kencana's achievement, the education office held a Green School Festival (GSF) held annually in the city's schools. GSF implementation method is considered good because it is forcing the participation of all schools. In addition, the Office of Housing and Settlement Area (Disperkim) also conducted a garden arrangement competition by realizing the importance of green open space for oxygen. After that, Disperkim also vigorously build a garden so that the town flower nickname more closely with the city of Malang. Malang City also seeks to utilize additional funds such as CSR funds to revitalize city parks. Thus, now the city of Malang is known as a viable city to build parks through CSR funds.

Transportation

Total road segment in Malang City is 2,960 segment with total length of road reach 1,027,112,20 meter (1,027 km). This road segment does not include provincial and state roads. In addition to connecting with National Road Route 23, Malang City is connected to provincial roads connecting districts and cities in East Java. To connect East Java, began to build the highway, one of which is Pandaan-Malang. This toll road will end in Madyopuro, Kedungkandang. Now the toll has entered the construction phase.

The Department of Transportation of Malang City operates urban transport and school buses. Both services serve both the center and the suburbs. Now there are 25 urban transport routes in the city. The school bus began operating on December 29, 2014 and there are now six school buses with six routes.

Malang Station located in the middle of the city is the main station of the city and serves 832,181 passengers with the number reaching 5 thousand people per day on the homecoming 2017. The station is the largest railway station in Malang and connect Malang with other big cities in Indonesia such as Surabaya, Bandung, and Jakarta. In addition to Malang Station, the city has two other stations, namely Malang Kotalama Station and Blimbing Station.

The city of Malang is served by Abdul Rachman Saleh Airport located in the district. The airport connects cities with domestic cities such as Jakarta and Makassar. Although it can issue an entry visa, Abdul Rachman Saleh Airport only serves domestic routes so that international passengers of Malang City will be served by Juanda International Airport in Sidoarjo.

According to the international Intrix Institute, Malang is one of the shortest in the world with total time spent in a traffic jam of 39.3 hours (20% of total time). According to UB's survey, 46.2% of urban residents consider congestion in the city to be included in the severe class. This congestion also eliminates the convenience of the tourists. The city government has tried to overcome it by memacanakan construction of monorails and underpasses. However, after conducting several comparative studies, the government stated that Malang City is unable to build monorails and underpasses for the reason that the cost is very expensive.

Puncak Bogor, the glorious natural beauty of Indonesia

Puncak is a mountainous tourist area that belongs to the area of ​​Bogor Regency and Cianjur Regency, West Java Province. The peak is located 70 km south of Jakarta. The Puncak area is located at the foot and slopes of the Gede-Pangrango mountains and is largely part of the Gede Pangrango National Park area. This area is famous as a mountainous tourist area for both domestic and foreign tourists. The Puncak area is known as a resting place for Jakarta residents because of its coolness and natural beauty, and is a tea plantation area built by the Dutch colonial government which is currently a tea plantation owned by PT Perkebunan Nusantara VIII Gunung Mas.

Geography

The Puncak region is at the foot and slope of the Gede-Pangrango mountains and is at an average altitude of 700-1,800 m above sea level with an average air temperature reaching 14-20 degrees Celsius. In addition, the Puncak area is also surrounded by other mountains, namely Mount Salak (2,221 m)

Tourism

The Peak area has unique natural contours. Most of the area is covered by tea plantations with mountainous backgrounds. The natural beauty of this area amazed President Soekarno, so he built a restaurant to enjoy the natural beauty of Puncak, which was later given the name Riung Gunung Restaurant. In addition, there are also places of recreation and beautiful agro-tourism, including the Gunung Mas Tea Plantation and Gantole (Paragliding). In the Puncak area there are also various interesting tourist attractions including Taman Safari Indonesia, Taman Bunga Nusantara, Cibodas Botanical Garden, Telaga Warna, Taman Wisata Matahari and there is a beautiful mosque with a distinctive and simple architecture, the Atta'awun Mosque. In this area there are also many villas and hotels owned by investors and local residents for visitors to rest.

Access

The Puncak area can be reached from Jakarta and Bandung via National Road Route 2. In addition, this area can also be accessed via Jagorawi Toll Road and Bocimi Toll Road. Roads to the Peak often experience traffic jams on weekends and long holidays, so that jockey services appear "rat road" which shows an alternative path to avoid traffic. The jockey installed a tariff of Rp 100,000 for the 5 km Pandansari-Citempuan route and Rp 300,000 for the 12 km Ciawi-Dam route. Head of the Bogor District Police Traffic Unit Adjunct Commissioner Muhammad Chaniago did not recommend motorists to cross the alternative road because the road was winding and steep and passed through the residents' villages

Solo City, The Spirit of Java Indonesia

The city of Surakarta, also called Solo or Sala, is an autonomous region with city status under Central Java Province, Indonesia, with a population of 503,421 inhabitants (2010) and a density of 13,636 / km2. City with an area of 44 km2, is bordered by Karanganyar and Boyolali regencies in the north, Karanganyar and Sukoharjo regencies in the east and west, and Sukoharjo regency in the south. This city is also the third largest city in southern part of Java after Bandung and Malang by population. The eastern side of this city bypassed the river immortalized in one of the keroncong songs, Bengawan Solo. Together with Yogyakarta, Surakarta is the heir of the Mataram Sultanate which was broken down through the Treaty of Giyanti, in 1755

Name

"Sala" is one of three hamlets selected by Sunan Pakubuwana II on the advice of Tumenggung Hanggawangsa, Tumenggung Mangkuyudha, and the commander of Dutch forces, J.A.B. van Hohendorff, when to establish a new palace, after the war of Mataram succession took place in Kartasura.
At present, the name Surakarta is used in formal-governmental situations, whereas the name Sala / Solo refers more to the general mention of the background of the cultural aspect. The word sura in Javanese means "courage" and karta means "prosper", as a hope to the Almighty. It can also be said that the name Surakarta is a word game from Kartasura. The word sala, the name used for the village where the new palace was built, is the name of the sacred tree of Indian origin, the sala shorea robusta tree).
When Indonesia still adheres to Spell van Ophuysen, the name of this city is written Soerakarta. The name "Surakarta" is given as the name "graduation" for the new Mataram government center. However, a number of old records say, the form between "Salakarta".

History

Pre-independence period

The existence of this city began when Sunan Pakubuwana II, the king of Mataram Sultanate, moved the king's position from Kartasura to the village of Sala, a village not far from the edge of Bengawan Solo, as Kartasura's palace was destroyed by a rebel attack. Sunan Pakubuwana II bought the land from the village head of Sala, Kyai Sala, for 10,000 ringgit (Dutch guilders) to build a new Mataram palace. Officially, the newly named Mataram palace was named Keraton Surakarta Hadiningrat and started on 17th February 1745. This date was then designated as the anniversary of Surakarta City. The Giyanti Agreement signed by Sunan Pakubuwana III, the Netherlands and Prince Mangkubumi on 13 February 1755 divided the region of Mataram into two namely Kasunanan Surakarta and Sultanate of Yogyakarta. Furthermore, the area of Surakarta Kasunanan is decreasing, because the Salatiga Agreement which was held on 17th March 1757 caused Raden Mas Said to be recognized as an independent prince with the duchy of duchy, called Praja Mangkunegaran. As the ruler of Mangkunegaran, Raden Mas Said titled Duke of Mangkunegara I.

Independence period

Special Region of Surakarta
The political power of these two kingdoms was liquidated after the establishment of the Republic of Indonesia on 17 August 1945. For 10 months, Surakarta was a special province-level region, known as the Special Region of Surakarta.

Surakarta Residency

Furthermore, due to the growing antimonarchy movement in Surakarta and the riots, kidnappings, and murders of DIS officials, on 16 June 1946 the government disbanded DIS and deprived the powers of the kings of Kasunanan and Mangkunegaran. Susuhunan Surakarta and Duke Mangkunegaran status became common people in the community and the palace was transformed into a center of Javanese art and culture development. Then Surakarta is set to be the seat of the resident, who leads Surakarta Residency (Residentie Soerakarta) with an area of 5,677 km ². Surakarta residency consists of Surakarta Municipality areas, Karanganyar regency, Sragen regency, Wonogiri regency, Sukoharjo regency, Klaten regency, Boyolali district. June 16, 1946 is commemorated as the anniversary of Surakarta City Government of the modern era.
City of Surakarta
After Surakarta Residency was abolished on 4 July 1950, Surakarta became a city under the administration of Central Java Province. Since the enactment of the Law on Regional Government which grants many autonomous rights to local government, Surakarta becomes an autonomous city.

Geography and administration

Hydrogeology

Surakarta is located in the lowlands at an altitude of 105 m above sea level and in the city center 95 m asl, with an area of 44.1 km2 (0.14% of the area of Central Java). Surakarta is located about 65 km northeast of Yogyakarta, 100 km southeast of Semarang and 260 km southwest of Surabaya and surrounded by Mount Merbabu (3145 m high) and Merapi (2930 m high) in the west, and Mount Lawu (3265 m high) in part east. A little far south of the Sewu Mountains. The land around the city is fertile because it is surrounded by Bengawan Solo, the longest river in Java, and passed by Kali Anyar, Kali Pepe, and Kali Jenes. The spring is sourced from the slopes of Mount Merapi, totaling 19 locations, with a capacity of 3,404 l / sec. The average height of the spring is 800-1,200 m above sea level. In 1890 - 1827 there were only 12 wells in Surakarta. Currently underground water taking is around 45 l / sec located at 23 points. Groundwater collection is done by industry and society, generally illegal and uncontrolled.
As of March 2006, PDAM Surakarta has a production capacity of 865.02 liters / sec. The raw water comes from Cokrotulung spring, Klaten (387 liters / sec) located 27 km from Solo city with elevation 210,5 above sea level and from 26 deep wells, among others in Banjarsari with total capacity 478 , 02 liters / sec. In addition, the total capacity of resevoir is 9,140 m3. With the existing capacity, Surakarta PDAM is able to serve 55.22% of Surakarta community including hinterland area with average usage of 22.42 m3 / month.
The soil in Solo is meridy with a high young mineral composition as a result of volcanic activity of Merapi and Lawu. This composition, coupled with the abundant availability of water, causes the lowlands to be very good for cultivation of food crops, vegetables, and industries, such as tobacco and sugarcane. However, since the last 20 years, manufacturing and tourism industries have been growing rapidly, resulting in changes in land use for industrial and residential activities.

Climate and topography

According to Koppen's climate classification, Surakarta has a tropical monsoon climate. Just like other cities in Indonesia, the rainy season in Solo starts from October to March, and the dry season is April to September. The average rainfall in Solo is 2,200 mm, and the highest month of rainfall is December, January, and February. The air temperature is relatively consistent throughout the year, with an average temperature of 30 degrees Celsius. The highest air temperature is 32.5 degrees Celsius, while the terenda is 21.0 degrees Celsius. Average air pressure is 1010.9 MBS with 75% air humidity. Wind speed 4 Knots with wind direction 240 degrees.

Administrative boundaries

The city of Surakarta lies between 110 45` 15 "- 110 45` 35" East Longitude and 70`36 "- 70` 56" South Latitude and is adjacent to Karanganyar and Boyolali districts in the north, Karanganyar and Sukoharjo regencies in the east and west, and Sukoharjo regency in the south. In each of the city limits is the Kasunanan Gate which was established around 1931-1932 during the reign of Sunan Pakubuwana X in Kasunanan Surakarta. Kasunanan Gate was established as a barrier as well as the entrance gate of the royal capital (Surakarta City) with the surrounding area. Kasunanan Gate is not only established on the connecting road, but also established on the edge of the river Bengawan Solo which at that time became a pier and crossing (in Mojo / Silir).
Size Gapura Kasunanan consists of two sizes that are large and small. The large size Kasapanan Gate was erected on a big road. Large size Kasapanan gate can be seen in Grogol (south), Jajar (west), and Jurug (east). While the small size Kasapanan Gap can be seen in the area of Kandang Sapi Hospital (north), Baki road in Solo Baru (south), Makamhaji (west), and in Mojo / Silir. The large Kasunanan arches also have an archaic time stamp.

Administrative division

Surakarta City Hall.
The city of Surakarta and its surrounding districts, Karanganyar, Sragen, Wonogiri, Sukoharjo, Klaten, Boyolali, are collectively still often referred to as Surakarta residency. Surakarta is divided into 5 districts, each headed by a district head and 51 sub-districts, each headed by a lurah. The five sub-districts in Surakarta are:
Kecamatan Pasar Kliwon (57110): 9 urban villages
District Jebres (57120): 11 urban villages
Banjarsari Sub-district (57130): 13 urban villages
District Lawiyan (also called Laweyan, 57140): 11 villages
District Serengan (57150): 7 villages

Satellite city

Surakarta and its satellite cities (Kartasura, Solo Baru, Palur, Colomadu, Baki, Ngemplak) are areas of mutual integration with each other. Solo Raya is unique because of its own area of Surakarta city which is only 44 sq. Km and surrounded by its buffer cities, each of which is approximately half the size of the city of Surakarta and directly adjacent to form a unified central city area.
Solo Baru (Soba) is an expansion area of the city of Solo. New Solo apart from being one of the satellite cities of Surakarta City is also a residential area for the workers or perpetrators of economic activities in Surakarta. In New Solo there are many medium and luxurious housing, therefore New Solo is also an elite residential area. In New Solo there is also a Carrefour supermarket. Pandawa waterboom which is the largest waterboom in Central Java and Yogyakarta is in this area. Although it is included in the Sukoharjo District region but economically and politically Solo Baru is closer to Surakarta City, because its city location is directly adjacent to Surakarta City, there has even been a discourse about the merger of satellite city area around Surakarta including Solo Baru to put in its territory. The total area of Surakarta City and its buffer areas is currently about 150 km² with a population of about 1 million people.

Government

Surakarta is located in Central Java Province. Prior to joining Indonesia, Surakarta was governed by Susuhunan Surakarta and Adipati Mangkunegaran. When controlled by the Dutch, Surakarta is known as a Vorstenland or royal territory. Surakarta Kasunanan ruler today is Sunan Pakubuwana XIII, and the current ruler of Mangkunegaran Praja is Duke of Mangkunegara IX. The two rulers of this ceremonial monarchy have no political power in Surakarta.
The juridical city of Surakarta was formed based on Government Decision of 1946 Number 16 / SD, which was announced on 15 July. With various considerations of previous historical factors, dated June 16, 1946 set as the anniversary of the Local Government of Surakarta City.

Nickname and motto

Surakarta has the slogan "Berseri". "Serenity" itself is an acronym of "Clean, Healthy, Neat, and Beautiful", as the slogan for the beauty of the city. For the benefit of tourism marketing, Surakarta took the slogan of Solo tourism, The Spirit of Java as an effort to image the city of Surakarta as the center of Javanese culture. Solo The Spirit of Java slogan was obtained from the contest held by the Government of Surakarta on October 4 until November 14, 2005 which was won by Dwi Endang Setyorini (citizen Giriroto, Ngemplak, Boyolali). The logo is performed by the award-winning advertising company, Freshblood Indonesia (Surakarta) and is accompanied by an Optimaxi design consultant team (Jakarta) under the supervision of GTZ in a series of Regional Economic Development (RED) or GTZ-RED programs.
Logo design takes place about six months in Surakarta. During this period a consultation session was held with the Inter-Agency Coordination Board (BKAD) and community leaders, whose socialization peak was held at the Hotel Quality Ballroom (The Sunan Hotel today), attended by various groups as the representation of Solo Raya area.
The designer team works with the provisions of the contest slogan and required to describe the concept of Spirit of Java in a visual form. Visual identity in the form of writing "Solo" along with the slogan underneath it with an accent the letter "O" shaped niches obtained from the extraction of visual concepts that reflect the impression of Java in appearance. Niches in the logo may remind people of keris, batik, or furniture ornaments that refer to the region (Java).
In addition, the city of Surakarta also has several nicknames, including the City of Batik, City of Culture, City Liwet. Surakarta residents referred to as Solo wong, and the term Solo princess is also widely used to refer to women who have characteristics similar to women from Surakarta.

The economy and trade

Batik industry became one of the typical industries of Surakarta. Batik and batik trade centers include Laweyan and Kauman. Klewer market as well as some other traditional batik market became one of the trading centers of batik in Indonesia. Trading in Surakarta is under the auspices of the Industry and Trade Service.
In addition to Pasar Klewer, Surakarta also has many traditional markets, including Gedhe Market (Big Market), Legi Market, and Flower Market. Other traditional markets use names in Javanese, such as market names (days) in Javanese: Pon Market, Legi Market, while Kliwon Market is now the name of the district and the name of the market itself is transformed into Sangkrah Market. In addition there is also an antique market that became a tourist destination, namely Triwindu Market / Windu Jenar (every Saturday night converted into Ngarsopuro Market) and Keris Market and Souvenirs Alun-Alun Surakarta Royal Palace.
Surakarta city business center is located along Jalan Slamet Riyadi. Several banks, hotels, shopping centers, international restaurants, to tourist and entertainment destinations are located along this protocol road, including Graha Soloraya, Loji Gandrung (the mayor's house). On Sunday morning, the streets of Slamet Riyadi are specifically closed for motor vehicles, to be used as a Solo Car Free Day event, as part of the local government's determination to reduce pollution. Some modern malls in Surakarta include Solo Square, Solo Grand Mall (SGM), Solo Paragon, Solo Center Point (SCP), Singosaren Plaza, Solo Wholesale Center (PGS), Beteng Trade Center (BTC), Hartono Mall Solo Baru, Center Shopping Luwes (Queen Luwes, Sami Luwes, Luwes Sangkrah, Ivory Luwes, Luwes Nusukan, Luwes Mojosongo, Luwes Palur), and Palur Plaza.
As one of the advanced cities, of course in Surakarta has also been established lodging business from homestay start, inn, jasmine star class to four-star hotels and 5 (five) of them are Red Planet (2 star hotel, Mangkubumen), Amarelo Hotel (3 star hotel, Kemlayan), Grand Amira Hotel (2 star hotel, Kliwon Market), Amaris Hotel (2 star hotel, Sriwedari), Grand Orchid Hotel (3 star hotel, Timuran), The Sunan Hotel (4 star hotel, Kerten), Hotel Sahid Jaya (5 star hotel, Timuran), Simple In Solo (1 star hotel, Manahan), Novotel (4 stars hotel, Timuran)
Surakarta has several factories that employ large numbers of employees including Sritex, Konimex, and Jamu Air Mancur. In addition there are still many other factories in Palur industrial zone. Batik industry also became one of the typical industries of Surakarta.

Diversity

The historical building in Surakarta is diverse, reflecting the diversity of beliefs held by the Surakarta community, ranging from the largest and most sacred mosque located in the western part of the Northern Square of Kasunanan Palace, Surakarta, the Surakarta Grand Mosque built around 1763 on the initiative of Sunan Pakubuwana III, Al Wustho Mangkunegaran Mosque, Laweyan Mosque which is the oldest mosque in Surakarta, St. Peter on Jl. Slamet Riyadi, St. Antonius Purbayan, to Tri Dharma Tien Kok Sie Temple, Am Po Kian Temple, and Sahasra Adhi Pura.
In addition to being inhabited by the Javanese Tribe, there are many ethnic Chinese, and Arabs residing in Surakarta. Although there is no exact data on the number of each ethnic and religious beliefs in the last census (2010), they are mixed among the people of Surakarta in general.
Arab settlements occupy three urban villages, namely Kelurahan Pasar Kliwon, Semanggi and Kedung Lumbu in Pasar Kliwon Sub-district The placement of Arab villages in groups has been arranged since ancient times to facilitate the arrangement for foreign ethnic in Surakarta and for the realization of order and security. Ethnic Arabs have begun to arrive in the estimated Kliwon Market since the 19th century. The establishment of the village in Pasar Kliwon, other than caused by the existence of settlement politics in the royal period, is also inseparable from the policy of the colonial government. Warto in his research mentions in 1984, the number of Arab descendants is 1877 inhabitants, while the number of Chinese citizens is 103 inhabitants. Based on the monograph data of Kelurahan Kelurahan Pasar Kliwon in 2005, mentioned that the number of Arab descendants is 1,775 people, while the Chinese descent is 135 soul. From these data can be seen a decrease in the number of people of Arab descent in Pasar Kliwon. This is because the land in Kelurahan Pasar Kliwon increasingly narrow so that there is movement in other areas.
Meanwhile, the Chinese village is mostly focused in Balong, Coyudan and Keprabon areas. This can be seen with the building of temples and places of worship, such as Tien Kok Sie Temple.

Transportation

The city of Surakarta lies in the meeting between the southern route of Java and the Semarang-Madiun line, which makes its strategic position as a transit city. The railway line from the northern route and the southern route of Java is also connected in this city. Currently a toll road - Semarang - Solo Toll Road - which connects to Semarang is in the process of development.
Airplane
Adi Sumarmo International Airport (SOC code, formerly called "Panasan") is located 14 kilometers north of the city of Surakarta. Administratively this air banda is located outside the city limits of Surakarta, precisely at the border of Karanganyar and Boyolali districts. The airport is linked to Jakarta (8-flights a day), Surabaya, Bandung, Denpasar -Bali, Batam, Balikpapan, Lombok, Banjarmasin, Pontianak, Palangkaraya, Makasar, Kupang, Tarakan, Kuala Lumpur, Singapore & Bandar Seri Begawan, (during the Hajj season). Adi Sumarmo Airport is currently one of Lion Air's airline hubs or airport collectors. Air travel time with Jakarta takes approximately one hour. Some of the airlines that serve routes from / to the city of Surakarta include Garuda Indonesia, Sriwijaya Air, Lion Air, Air Asia, Malaysia Airlines, Singapore Airlines & Royal Brunei Airlines. Adi Sumarmo Airport is also the center of hajj departure and departure from Donohudan Hajj Dormitory, Boyolali.

Read to : Serimpi dance, a traditional dance from Java, Indonesia

Tourism

Surakarta is also known as a tourist destination that is usually visited by tourists from big cities. Usually tourists who vacation to Yogyakarta will also stop in Surakarta, or vice versa. The main tourist destinations of Surakarta are Surakarta Palace, Pura Mangkunegaran, and batik villages and traditional markets.
In Surakarta there are several citywalk destinations for pedestrians and cyclists, among others in the Ngarsopuro corridor, along Slamet Riyadi Road (6-7 km long and 3 m wide), and along Jalan Perintis Kemerdekaan. Places designated as citywalk should not be passed by motor vehicles.

Natural tourism

Nature tourism around Surakarta include Tawangmangu Tourism Area (located in Karanganyar District), Selo Tourism Area (located in Boyolali District), Agrowisata Kemuning Tea Garden, Jumog Waterfall, Parang Ijo Waterfall, Segoro Gunung Waterfall, Grojogan Sewu , and others. In addition in Karanganyar District, precisely on the slopes of Mount Lawu, there are several temples of Hindu-Buddhist cultural heritage, such as Sukuh Temple, Cetho Temple, Monkey Temple, and others.

Festivals and celebrations

Every year on certain dates the Keraton Surakarta and Pura Mangkunegaran hold various interesting celebrations. The celebration is based on Javanese calendar. The celebrations include:

• Kirab Pusaka Malam 1 Sura

The event was organized by Surakarta and Pura Mangkunegaran Palace on the eve of the 1st Sura. The event is aimed to celebrate the New Year of Java 1 Sura. The route taken by the carnival organized by the Surakarta Palace more or less as far as 3 km namely Keraton Surakarta - North Square - Gladag - Jl. Mayor Kusmanto - Jl. Captain Mulyadi - Jl. Veteran - Jl. Yos Sudarso - Jl. Slamet Riyadi - Gladag then returned to Keraton Surakarta again. The magical heirlooms were brought by the courtiers dressed in Jawi Jangkep. Participants of the procession in the front row is a group of albino buffalo (kebo bule) named Kyai Slamet heritage buffalo, while the ranks of heritage bearers are behind

• Sekaten

Sekaten held every month Mulud to commemorate the birth of Prophet Muhammad SAW. On 12 Mulud Grebeg Mulud was held. Then held a folk party for two weeks. For two weeks this folk party was held in the North Square. The festivities present a night market, a children's playground and art and acrobatics shows. On the last day of sekaten, held back grebeg event in North Square. Sekat ceremony was first held during the reign of Sultanate of Demak.

• Grebeg Sudiro

Grebeg Sudiro was held to commemorate the Lunar New Year with a blend of Chinese-Javanese culture. Festival that started since 2007 is usually centered in the area of Pasar Gedhe and Balong (in Sudiroprajan Village) and Surakarta City Hall.

• Grebeg Mulud

Held every 12th of Mulud to commemorate the day of Maulud Prophet Muhammad SAW. Grebeg Mulud is part of Sekaten celebration. In this ceremony the courtiers in court dressed Jawi Jangkep Sowan Keraton paraded a gunungan (pareden) from the Palace Surakarta to the Great Mosque of Surakarta. The Gunungan is made from various kinds of vegetables and traditional snacks. After prayed by ngulamadalem (clerical keraton), a gunungan will then be contested by the visitors community and one more fruit brought back to the palace to be distributed to the courtiers.

• Living in Jumenengan

Held every 2nd of Ruwah to commemorate the anniversary of the coronation of Sri Susuhunan Surakarta. In this event the king sits on a dampar (throne) in Pendapa Agung Sasana Sewaka by being confronted by the courtiers and nobles while watching the sacred dance, Bedhaya Ketawang Dance, which is danced by nine unmarried young women. The dancers consist of the wayahdalem, sentanadalem, and other kin kings or can also dancers who meet the prescribed requirements.

• Grebeg Pasa

Grebeg is held to welcome Idul Fitri 1 Syawal Day. This event took place after performing Salat Ied. The procession of the show is the same as Grebeg Mulud ie the abdi dalem mengarak mountungan from Surakarta to Surakarta Mosque Surakarta to be prayed by the cleric of the palace then distributed to the visitors community.

• Syawalan

Syawalan started one day after Eid al-Fitr and took place at Taman Satwataru Jurug on the edge of Bengawan Solo. At the peak of the event "Gethek Jaka Tingkir Gethek" held a distribution of ketupat in the visitors community. At syawalan event also held various kinds of traditional art performances.

• Great Grebeg

Takes place on Eid al-Adha (on the 10th). The ceremony is the same as the mountain procession on Grebeg Pasa and Grebeg Mulud.

• Solo Batik Carnival

Solo Batik Carnival or Solo Batik Carnival is an annual festival held by the government of Surakarta City by using batik as the main material of costume making. The carnival participants will create a carnival costume with the themes specified. Participants will wear their own costumes and walk on the catwalk located on Jalan Slamet Riyadi. This carnival is held annually in June since 2008.

• Solo Batik Fashion

Similarly Solo Batik Fashion is an annual batik fashion show organized by the government in open places in order to be enjoyed by all Surakarta residents. This batik demonstration is held every year in July since 2009.

• Culinary tour

A row of traditional Surakarta food vendors in Galabo.
Solo or Surakarta and its surroundings are famous for its many traditional culinary jajanan. Among others: Sate Kambing, Nasi Liwet, Timlo Solo, Nasi Gudeg, Gudeg Ceker, pecel nDeso, Cabuk Rambak, Bestik Solo, Solo Strait, Mie Ayam, Bakso, Srabi Solo, Intip, tengkleng, Mandarin Roti, Saus Solo, Goat Guling, Satay Buntel, Sate Kere, Sop Manten, Bakmi Ketoprak, etc.
Some of Surakarta's unique drinks include: wedang asle is a warm drink with sticky rice, wedang dawet gempol pleret (gempol made from rice flour, while platters are made from sticky rice and brown sugar), herbal rice kencur, which is different from health herbal medicine others because of its sweet taste, etc. Meanwhile, the Gladag corridor is changed every night into the largest hawker center in Surakarta City with the name Galabo (Gladang Langen Bogan)
Architecture and historical relics
Because of its history, there are many historic buildings in Surakarta, ranging from buildings of worship, public buildings, palaces, to military buildings. In addition to Keraton Surakarta (built 1745) and Pura Mangkunagaran (built 1757), there is also Vastenburg Fort Dutch heritage, and Loji Gandrung which is currently used as the residence of the Mayor of Surakarta. Previously, the Colonial relic which is still intact is in addition to being used as the residence of Dutch government officials, is also often used for dance-dansi European style and Javanese nobility, so-called "Gandrung".
In 1997 it has recorded 70 historical heritages in Surakarta that include historic sites, traditional houses, colonial buildings, places of worship, gates, monuments, street furniture, and city parks.
Surakarta city landscape is also known to have no skyscrapers. But since 2010, in Surakarta there is a skyscraper apartment, the Solo Paragon.

Museums and libraries

The most comprehensive batik museum in Indonesia, the House of Danar Hadi, and the oldest museum in Indonesia, the Radya Pustaka Museum, located on Jalan Slamet Riyadi, Surakarta. Museum Radya Pustaka built on 28 October 1890 by KRA. Sosrodiningrat IV, pepatih dalem during the reign of Sunan Pakubuwana IX and Sunan Pakubuwana X, this museum has ancient artifacts of Javanese culture and located in the complex of Taman Budaya Budaya Sriwedari. [49] There are also Surakarta Palace Museum (including Sasana Pustaka library), Mangkunegaran Temple Museum (including library of Reksa Pustaka), Press Museum, Sangiran Museum (located in Sragen Regency), and Dullah Painting Museum.
In addition to the museum, there is also a cultural site named Balai Sudjatmoko. This building is Sudjatmoko's house which in it can still be seen the works and relics of Sudjatmoko both in the form of books, glasses, toga, and original photographs of the personal collection of the Sudjatmoko family. Hall Sudjatmoko functioned by the organizers as a center of appreciation both staging, performances, exhibitions, book review and workshops. The artists are also given wide opportunity to utilize Hall Sudjatmoko to perform art appreciation in the form of exhibition exhibition either painting, sculpture, craft until educational exhibition. In addition, this Hall can also be used as an alternative vehicle for non-art learning.

Culture

Surakarta is known as one of the core of Javanese culture because it is traditionally one of the center of politics and development of Javanese tradition. The prosperity of this region since the nineteenth century has prompted the development of Javanese literature, dance, culinary arts, fashion, architecture, and various other cultural expressions. One knows the cultural "rivalry" between Surakarta and Yogyakarta, giving birth to what is known as "Surakarta Style" and "Yogyakarta Style" in fashion, dance, batik,

Language

The language used in Surakarta is the Java language dialect Mataraman with Surakarta variant. Mataraman dialect is also spoken in Yogyakarta, Semarang, Madiun, up to most of Kediri. Nevertheless, this local variant of Surakarta is known as a "subtle variant" because of the use of widespread krama words in everyday conversations, wider than those used elsewhere. The Java language of the Surakarta variant is used as a national Javanese language standard (and internationally, as in Suriname). Some words are also subject to specifications, such as the full pronunciation of the word "inggih" ("ya" form krama), different from some other variants that pronounce "injih", such as in Yogyakarta and Magelang. In many ways, the Surakarta variant is closer to the Madiun-Kediri variant than any other variant of the Central Javanese region.
Although in daily life, the people of Surakarta use the Indonesian language, but since the leadership of Joko Widodo's mayor, the Java language has been re-enforced in public places, including the names of street names and the names of government agencies and private businesses.
Surakarta also plays a role in the formation of Indonesian language as the national language of Indonesia. In 1938, in commemoration of the ten years of the Youth Pledge, the Indonesian Congress of I in Surakarta was held. This congress was attended by leading speakers and culturalists at the time, such as Prof. Dr. Hoesein Djajadiningrat, Prof. Dr. Poerbatjaraka, and Ki Hajar Dewantara. In the congress was generated some very big decisions for the growth and development of Indonesian language.

Batik

Batik is a fabric with a specific pattern or motif produced from special wax material written or stamped on the cloth, although now many batik fabrics are made with the print process. Surakarta has many typical batik patterns, such as Sidomukti and Sidoluruh. Some famous batik business is Batik Keris, Danarhadi Batik, and Batik Semar. While for the middle class can visit the batik trading center in the city are in Klewer Market, Solo Wholesale Center (PGS), Beteng Trade Center (BTC), or Ria Batik. In addition there are also Laweyan Village Batik Village, which is the area of batik industrial center that has existed since the time of the Kingdom of Pajang in 1546. Another famous batik kampun for tourists is Kampung Batik Kauman. Kauman Kampung batik products are made using natural silk material and silk weaving, premise and prime cotton, rayon. The uniqueness offered to the tourists is the ease of transactions while looking at the production house where batik activities take place. That is, visitors have a wide opportunity to know directly the process of making batik even to try to practice batik activities themselves.
Batik Surakarta has typical processing characteristics: brownish color (sogan) that fill the free space of color, different from the style of Yogyakarta, the free space is brighter color. Color selection tends to be dark, following the tendency of inland batik. Types of batik materials vary, ranging from silk to cotton, and the way of work is also various, ranging from batik tulis to batik cap.