The Mount Semeru Highest Mountain on The Island of Java Indonesia

Mount Semeru or Mount Meru is a conical volcano in East Java, Indonesia. Mount Semeru is the highest mountain on the island of Java, with a peak of Mahameru, 3,676 meters above sea level (masl). This mountain was formed due to the subduction of the Indo-Australian Plate under the Eurasian Plate. Mount Semeru is also the third highest volcano in Indonesia after Mount Kerinci in Sumatra and Mount Rinjani in West Nusa Tenggara. The crater at the top of Mount Semeru is known as Jonggring Saloko.

Mount Semeru is administratively included in the area of ​​two regencies, namely Malang Regency and Lumajang Regency, East Java Province. This mountain is included in the Bromo Tengger Semeru National Park area. Semeru has Dipterocarp Hill forest areas, Upper Dipterocarp forests, Montane forests, and Ericaceous Forests or mountain forests. Semeru's geographical position is between 8°06' latitude and 112°55' east longitude.

In 1913 and 1946 Jonggring Saloka Crater had a dome with a height of 3,744.8 m until the end of November 1973. To the south, this dome smashed into the crater rim causing lava flows towards the south side covering the Pronojiwo and Candipuro areas in Lumajang.

This mountain is included in the Bromo Tengger Semeru National Park area. This National Park consists of mountains and valleys covering an area of ​​50,273.3 hectares. There are several mountains within the Mount Tengger Caldera, including: Mount Bromo (2,392 m); Mount Batok (2,470 m); Seat Mountain (2,581 m); Mount Watangan (2,662 m); and Mount Widodaren (2,650m). There are four lakes (ranu): Ranu Pani, Ranu Regulo, Ranu Kumbolo and Ranu Darungan.

There are various types of flora in the Mount Semeru area but are mostly dominated by spruce, acacia, pine, and Jamuju species. Meanwhile, the undergrowth is dominated by kirinyuh, reeds, tembelekan, harendong and white edelwiss. Edelwis is also commonly found on the slopes leading to the summit of Semeru. There is also an endemic species of orchid that lives around the southern part of Mount Semeru, namely the Slipper Orchid.

Many fauna that inhabit Mount Semeru include: panthers, budeng, mongoose, deer, deer, etc. Meanwhile, at Ranu Kumbolo there are grouses that still live wild.

First climber

The first Europeans to climb this mountain were Clignet and Winny Brigita (1838), a Dutch geologist. They took the route from the southwest via Widodaren. Then Junghuhn (1945), a Dutch botanist, climbed from the north via Mount Ayek-ayek, Mount Inder-inder and Mount Kepolo. In 1911, Van Gogh and Heim went through the northern slopes and after 1945 generally climbing was done via the northern slopes through Ranu Pani and Ranu Kumbolo until now.

Poison gas

At the top of Mount Semeru (Puncak Mahameru) climbers are advised not to go to the Jonggring Saloko crater, also prohibited from climbing from the south side, due to the presence of toxic gases and lava flows. This poisonous gas is known as Wedhus Gembel (Javanese which means "dreadlocks goat", which is a goat that has hair like dreadlocks) by local residents. The temperature at the peak of Mahameru ranges from 4-10 degrees Celsius, at the peak of the dry season minus 0 degrees Celsius, and ice crystals are found. The weather is often foggy, especially in the afternoon, evening and night. The wind is blowing hard, in December - January there are often storms.

Wedus Gembel eruptions occur every 15-30 minutes at the peak of Mount Semeru which is still active. In November 1997, Mount Semeru erupted 2990 times. During the day, the wind direction is towards the peak, so avoid coming during the day at the peak, because toxic gases and eruptions lead to the peak.

The eruption was in the form of white, gray to black smoke with an eruption height of 300-800 meters. The material that comes out in each eruption is in the form of ash, sand, gravel, and even hot burning stones which are very dangerous if climbers are too close. In early 1994 hot lava flowed down the southern slopes of Mount Semeru and had claimed several lives, although the view of the hot river winding towards the sea is a very interesting spectacle.

The eruption in early January 2021 resulted in the population of 5 sub-districts on the slopes of Semeru; Candipuro District, Pasrujambe District, Senduro District, Gucialit District, and Pasirian District. The PVMBG appealed to the public not to carry out activities within a 1 km radius of the summit crater of Mount Semeru and a distance of 4 km to the crater opening in the south-southeast sector, and to be aware of hot clouds falling, lava avalanches, and lava along rivers/valleys flowing through the river. originates at the top of Mount Semeru. The radius and distance of this recommendation will be evaluated continuously to anticipate if there are symptoms of changes in the threat of danger.

Soe Hok Gie, one of the prominent Indonesian activists and a student of the Faculty of Letters at the University of Indonesia, died on Mount Semeru in 1969 as a result of inhaling toxic fumes on Mount Semeru. He died with his colleague, Idhan Dhanvantari Lubis.

Eruption activity

1800's

The first recorded eruption was estimated at 8 November 1818. In the 1829-1878 range there were also several eruptions until 1913 but not much documented information. Eruptions in the 19th century AD occurred in 1829, 1830, 1832, 1836, 1838, 1842, 1844, 1845, 1848, 1851, 1856, 1857, 1860, 1864, 1867, 1872, 1877, and 1878. it erupted again in 1884 to 1899.

1900's

In 1941-1942, long duration volcanic activity was recorded. The Center for Volcanology and Geological Hazard Mitigation (PVMBG) stated that the lava flow occurred in the period from September 21, 1941 to February 1942. At that time, the eruption reached the eastern slope with a height of 1,400 to 1,775 meters. Volcanic material to pile up the Bantengan irrigation post.

Several volcanic activities were also recorded in succession in 1945, 1946, 1947, 1950. They erupted again in succession from 1951 to 1961 and 1963. Successive eruptions occurred again from 1967 to 1969 and 1972 to 1990. The next eruption was followed in in 1992 and 1994. The eruption in 1994 was horrific because it claimed the lives of 7 people and people were swept away by the lava.

On December 1, 1977, a lava avalanche produced hot clouds of avalanches with a distance of up to 10 km in Besuk Kembar. The observed volume of volcanic material deposits reached 6.4 million cubic meters. Hot clouds also point to the Besuk Kobokan area. At that time, rice fields, bridges and residents' houses were damaged. Volcanic activity continued and was recorded in 1978–1989.

On February 2, 1994, there were 9 eruptions of Mount Semeru. This eruption resulted in the emergence of thick white smoke with a height of up to 500 meters. In addition to white smoke, there were 34 lava avalanches in the direction of Besuk Twins as far as 1 km. The eruption of Mount Semeru claimed the lives of 7 people who were swept away by the lava.

2000s

PVMBG also recorded volcanic activity of this mountain in 1990, 1992, 1994, 2002, 2004, 2005, 2007 and 2008. In 2008, several eruptions were recorded, namely in the range of 15-22 May 2008. Observed on 22 May 2008, four avalanches were recorded. hot clouds that lead to the Besuk Kobokan area with a sliding distance of 2,500 meters.

On June 12, 2006, the Tanjung Perak Maritime Meteorology and Geophysics Agency (BMKG) recorded a volcanic earthquake with a magnitude of 1.8 on the Richter Scale (SR) due to the activity of Mount Semeru (3,676 masl).

On December 1, 2020, Mount Semeru experienced an eruption which was followed by hot clouds falling from the summit. The sliding distance of this hot cloud is 2-11 kilometers.

Until December 4, 2021 at 15.10 WIB, Mount Semeru erupted and released a hot cloud of avalanches leading to Besuk Kobokan, Sapitarang Village, Pronojiwo District, the last and most recent eruption in a number of BNPB. The lava fall traveled with a sliding distance of 500-800 meters, with the center of the fall 500 meters below the crater. Meanwhile, volcanic earthquakes related to eruptions, avalanches and gusts of crater smoke have occurred as many as 54 earthquakes or eruptions, 4 earthquakes avalanches, and 18 times earthquake gusts.

Vegetation

Non-native invasive plant

25 non-native plants have been found in Gunung Semeru National Park. this non-native plant, which threatens endemic to this local plant, was imported by the Dutch botanist Van Steenis, in the colonial era. They include Foeniculum vulgare, Verbena brasiliensis, Chromolaena odorata, and Salvinia molesta.

Vegetable garden

Mud erosion from the surrounding vegetable plantations adds silt to Lake Ranu Pani, causing the lake to gradually shrink. Research has predicted that the lake will disappear around 2025, unless hillside vegetable plantations are replaced with more ecologically sustainable perennials.

Mount Kerinci, The Highest Mountain in Sumatra, Indonesia

Mount Kerinci (also spelled "Kerintji", and is known as Mount Gadang, Kurinci Volcano, Kerinchi, Korinci, or Puncak Indrapura) is the highest mountain in Sumatra, Indonesia's highest volcano, and the highest peak in Indonesia outside of Papua. Mount Kerinci is located in Jambi province bordering West Sumatra province, in Bukit Barisan Mountains, near the west coast, and is located about 130 km south of Padang. This mountain is surrounded by dense forest of Kerinci Seblat National Park and is the habitat of Sumatran tiger and Sumatran rhinoceros.

Mount Kerinci peak at an altitude of 3805 meters above sea level, here visitors can see in the distance stretches the beautiful scenery of Jambi, Padang, and Bengkulu. Even the vast Indian Ocean can be seen clearly. Mount Kerinci has a crater area of ​​400 x 120 meters and contains water that is green. To the east there is the Bento lake, the highest clear watery swamp in Sumatra. Behind it is a mountain of seven with a very beautiful crater that is almost untouched.

Mount Kerinci is a stratovolcano-type volcano that is still active and last erupted in 2009.

Topography
Mount Kerinci is conical with a width of 13 km (8 miles) and a length of 25 km (16 miles), extending from north to south. At its peak on the northeast side there is a 600 meter (1,969 feet) deep crater containing green water. Until now, the crater measuring 400 x 120 meters is still active status.

Mount Kerinci is included in part of Kerinci Seblat National Park (TNKS). TNKS is a conservation area of ​​1,484,650 hectares and is located in the four provinces, most of which are in Jambi. TNKS itself is part of the Bukit Barisan Mountains that extends from north to south on Sumatra Island.

Mount Kerinci is an active type A mountain located about 130 kilometers south of Padang City. Eruption Type: Hawaii Type Mountain Form: Strato Mountain or Conical Type Eruption: Explosive Eruption Mount Activity: Type A

Flora and fauna
Lowland vegetation is dominated by several types of mahogany, there is also a giant plant Raflesia Rafflesia Arnoldi Flower and Suweg Giant Amorphophallus Titanum. Pine trees also grow on Mount Kerinci. With Leuser National Park, the park is obstructed by Lake Toba and Sihanok Gorge. So some animals not found in Leuser Park are here, such as tapir (Tapiris indicus) and cuscus (Tarsius bancanus).

There are many Sumatran animals such as elephants, Sumatran rhinos, tigers, sun bears, leopards, except orangutans. Various primates such as gibbons, gibbons, long-tailed monkeys, and Presbytis melapophos. There are also 140 species of birds.

Climbing
This mountain can be reached by land from Jambi to Sungaipenuh through Bangko. Can also be reached from Padang, Lubuk Linggau, and Bengkulu. By plane can land in Padang or Jambi.

The beauty of natural panoramas with a wealth of flora and fauna can be found starting from the lowlands to the top of Mount Kerinci, not only to be enjoyed but very good for research and education. Climbing to the top of Mount Kerinci takes two days starting from Kersik Tuo Post.

The village of Kersik Tuo, Kayu Aro Subdistrict is at an altitude of 1400 masl with a population of Java plantation workers, so the local language is Javanese. From Kersik Tuo we head to the TNKS or R10 checkpoint at an altitude of 1611 mdpi with a walk of about 45 minutes across the tea plantation.

Pondok R 10 is a guardhouse of TNKS Hall to monitor every visitor who will climb Mount Kerinci. From R10 we go to the Jungle Door with an altitude of 1800 mdpl, The distance is about 2 km with travel time approximately 1 hour journey. The field is in the form of plantations / fields of the population, good road conditions (asphalt) to the forest boundary.

The Jungle Door is the starting gate of climbing within the forest boundary between the heterogeneous field and forest as the entrance. The Jungle Door is at an altitude of 1800 masl. Here there is a shelter location and also water location approximately 200 meters left. Mileage to the Long Stool 2 km or 30 minutes journey, the path slightly sloping into the heterogeneous forest area.

Post Seat Length with a height of 1901 meters above sea level, there are two shelters that can be used to rest. Toward Stone Moss terrain still gently over 2 km with travel time about 45 minutes through forest area. Climbers can rest at the Lumut Moss Post at an altitude of 2,000 meters above sea level, but here there is no shelter. There is a river that is sometimes dry in the dry season.
To get to Pos 1 which is about 2 km from Batu Lumut we need about 1.5 hours. The path enters a thick and steep forest with a 45 to 60 degree slope.

Heading 1 is located at an altitude of 2225 masl and there is a cottage that can be used to rest. To get to Pos 2 the distance that must be taken about 3 km with a travel time of 2 hours. On this track sometimes found a steep field with a slope of up to 45 degrees but still meet with a sloping terrain.

There is an old cottage in Pos 2 located at an altitude of 2510 mdpl, here the climber can rest. To get to Pos 3 distance that must be taken is 2 km with travel time about 3 hours. In this trajectory we can encounter ferns with the condition of the forest a little open.

There is a damaged cottage to live in the skeleton Pos 3 which is at an altitude of 3073 mdpl. In this place the climber can rest and still comfortable to set up a tent because it is still protected by the trees. The travel time to the summit of this post is about 4 hours.

To go to Pos 4 distance that should be taken about 1.5 km, takes about 1.5 hours. The condition of the path in the form of the former water flow so it will turn into a ditch when it rains. Pos 4 is at an altitude of 3,351 mdpl, this place is quite roomy and can be to set up some tents, but the weather here is often not friendly. The next path to the top of the sand and rocks. Distance to the top 2 km with travel time about 3 hours. In this trajectory the climbers need to be extra careful.

Mount Rinjani, a mountain full of beauty on the island of Lombok, Indonesia

 

Mount Rinjani is a mountain located on the island of Lombok, West Nusa Tenggara. The mountain which is the second highest volcano in Indonesia with an altitude of 3,726 m above sea level and located at latitudes 8º25' latitude and 116º28' east longitude is a favorite mountain for Indonesian climbers because of its beautiful scenery. This mountain is part of the Mount Rinjani National Park which has an area of ​​about 41,330 ha and it will be proposed to increase it to 76,000 ha to the west and east. Administratively this mountain is in the area of ​​three districts: East Lombok, Central Lombok and West Lombok. Mount Rinjani with the highest point of 3,726 m above sea level, dominates most of the scenery of the northern part of Lombok Island.

To the west of the Rinjani cone there is a caldera with an area of ​​about 3,500 m × 4,800 m, extending east and west. In this caldera there is Segara Anak (segara = sea, lake) covering an area of ​​​​11,000,000 square meters with a depth of 230 m. The water flowing from this lake forms a very beautiful waterfall, flowing through a steep ravine. In Segara Anak there are many goldfish and tilapia so they are often used for fishing. The southern part of this lake is called Segara Endut.

On the east side of the caldera there is Mount Baru (or Mount Barujari) which has a crater measuring 170m×200 m with an altitude of 2,296 – 2376 m above sea level. This small mountain last erupted on October 25, 2015 and November 3, 2015, after previously recorded erupting in May 2009 and in 2004. If the 2004 eruption did not take any lives, the 2009 eruption has indirectly killed 31 people, due to flooding. a flash on the Kokok (River) Tanggek due to the pressure of lava into Segara Anak. Previously, Mount Barujari was recorded to have erupted in 1944 (as well as its formation), 1966, and 1994.

Besides Mount Barujari, there is also another crater that has erupted, called Mount Rombongan.

Stratigraphically, Mount Rinjani is covered by Neogene clastic sedimentary rocks (including limestone), and locally by Oligo-Miocene volcanic rocks. The Quaternary volcano itself produces mostly pyroclastic flows, interspersed with lava in some places. The lithology records some of the eruptions known in history. Since 1847 there have been 7 eruptions, with the shortest resting period of 1 year and the longest being 37 years.

As with other volcanoes, Koesoemadinata (1979) states that the activity of the Rinjani volcano after the formation of the caldera is rebuilding. Its activities are effusions that produce lava and explosives that form pyroclastic deposits. Lava is generally black in color, and when it oozes it looks like foam. The eruption after the caldera formation was relatively weak, and the lava released by the cones of Mount Barujari and Mount Rombongan was relatively more alkaline than other volcanic lavas in Indonesia. The possibility of hot clouds when the eruption peaked is very small. Eruption material is generally deposited in the interior of the caldera only.

Lava flows, eruptive lava, rain lava, and hot clouds avalanche have the opportunity to lead to Kokok Putih to Batusantek. Avalanche hot clouds can occur along new lava flows that are still moving, although the probability is small.

The shape of the Segara Anak Caldera, which is tapering to the west-east, is thought to be related to the fracture structure in the bedrock. Rinjani Volcano, which is located in the western part of the Banda Inner Arc system, was formed by the Indian Ocean floor subduction activity under the edge of the Southeast Asian Plate. The subduction line located in the south shows the presence of a north-south trending compression force. The west-east trending bedrock fracture, which affects the shape of the caldera, is thus interpreted as a release fracture caused by tensile forces. The structure was formed at least since the beginning of the Quaternary.

Mount Rinjani

Climbing Mount Rinjani (peak) is one of the mainstay attractions in the Mount Rinjani National Park area. Mount Rinjani is the second highest active volcanic mountain in Indonesia. The peak of Mount Rinjani is the destination of most of the adventurers and nature lovers who visit this area because if you have managed to reach the top it is a matter of pride. The enthusiasm of the nature lover community throughout the archipelago and even from abroad in climbing activities is quite large, this is evidenced by the increasing number of visitors who climb every year. Mass climbing activities are carried out from July to August, in August (mid) climbing participants are generally dominated by students from all over Indonesia who want to celebrate the Independence Day of the Republic of Indonesia at the summit of Mount Rinjani and Lake Segara Anak through activities “Tapak Rinjani” which is held regularly every year by a group of nature lovers on the island of Lombok in collaboration with the Mount Rinjani National Park Office.

The main charm of Mount Rinjani National Park which is very prospective is Segara Anak Lake, this location can be reached from two official climbing routes, namely the Senaru hiking trail and the Sembalun hiking trail.

To visit Lake Segara Anak from the Senaru route, it takes about 7-10 hours on foot (± 8 Km) from the gate of the hiking trail. Meanwhile, from the Sembalun hiking trail, it takes 8-10 hours. Lake Segara Anak with a height of ± 2,010 m above sea level and a lake depth of about ± 230 meters has a crescent-like shape with an area of ​​about 1,100 hectares.

Around Lake Segara Anak there is a fairly wide and flat land, it can be used for camping/camping, visitors can also fish in the lake or soak in hot water containing sulfur.

Another object around Segara Anak Lake is the Upper Koko Puteq River ± 150 meters from Segara Anak Lake. In addition, there are also several caves such as the Susu Cave, Manik Cave, Payung Cave, Susu Cave, which are believed to be used as media for self-reflection and are often used as a place to meditate. While at the bottom of Segara Anak Lake there is a hot spring (Aik Kalak Pengkereman Jembangan) which is commonly used to test and bathe magical objects (swords, kris, badik, spears, machetes, etc.) Soaking it indicates that the objects are ugly/does not have supernatural powers, on the other hand, if the objects remain intact, it means that the objects have supernatural powers/are believed to have efficacy.

Rinjani has the best panoramic view of the mountains in Indonesia. Every year (June-August) many nature lovers visit from local residents, students, nature lovers.

The average air temperature is about 20 °C; as low as 12 °C. Strong winds at the peak are common in August.

Besides the peak, a place that is often visited is Segara Anakan, a lake located at an altitude of 2,000m above sea level. To reach this location, we can climb from Senaru village or Sembalun Lawang village (the two closest entry points at an altitude of 600m above sea level and 1150m above sea level) in the Sembalun area which is famous as the Ashitaba plantation area.

There are four official hiking routes to Mount Rinjani, the Sembalun Trail (East Lombok), the Senaru Trail (North Lombok), the Aik Berik Trail (Central Lombok), and the Timbanuh Trail (East Lombok).

Most climbers start the ascent from the Sembalun route and end the climb at Senaru, because it can save 700 m of altitude. The Sembalun route is rather long but flat, and the weather is hotter because it passes through the scorching savanna (cold temperatures but direct sun radiation burns the skin). sun protection cream is highly recommended.

From the Senaru Route, the climb does not stop, but the weather is gentle because it goes through the forest. From these two locations it takes about 7 hours to walk to the lip of the ridge at an altitude of 2,641m above sea level (arriving at Plawangan Senaru or Plawangan Sembalun). In this place the view towards the lake, as well as to the outside is very good. From Plawangan Senaru (if going up from Senaru direction) down to the lake through a steep wall to an altitude of 2,000 meters above sea level) which can be reached in 2 hours. On the lake we can camp, fishing (Carper, Mujair) a lot. Lombok residents have a tradition of visiting Segara saplings to soak in hot water pools and fishing.

To reach the top (from the lake) you have to walk up the western wall as high as 700m and climb the ridge as high as 1,000m which is taken in 2 stages of 3 hours and 4 hours. The first stage is to Plawangan Sembalun, the last camp to wait for the morning. The summit attack is usually done at 3 am to look for the beautiful moment - the sunrise at the top of Rinjani. The journey to the Peak is quite decent; because climbing on the crater rim with a mediocre margin of safety. Terrain of sand, rock, soil. The last 200 meters of altitude must be traversed with difficulty, because one step forward is followed by half a step down (fallen in gravel). Create a highlander - this is the most challenging and preferred place because the tough terrain pays off with its beautiful natural scenery. Mount Agung in Bali, Mount Raung in Banyuwangi and Mount Tambora in Sumbawa are clearly visible when the weather is good in the morning. To climb Rinjani no tools are needed, just enough stamina, patience and passion for climbers.

The whole trip can be achieved in a three-day and two-night program, or if you want to see two other objects: Susu Cave and Mount Baru Jari (a child of Mount Rinjani with a new crater in the middle of the lake) it takes an additional two days of travel. Logistics preparation is very necessary. It is recommended to use the services of an experienced local guide to risk getting lost and still respect the local traditional culture.

Puncak Bogor, the glorious natural beauty of Indonesia

Puncak is a mountainous tourist area that belongs to the area of ​​Bogor Regency and Cianjur Regency, West Java Province. The peak is located 70 km south of Jakarta. The Puncak area is located at the foot and slopes of the Gede-Pangrango mountains and is largely part of the Gede Pangrango National Park area. This area is famous as a mountainous tourist area for both domestic and foreign tourists. The Puncak area is known as a resting place for Jakarta residents because of its coolness and natural beauty, and is a tea plantation area built by the Dutch colonial government which is currently a tea plantation owned by PT Perkebunan Nusantara VIII Gunung Mas.

Geography

The Puncak region is at the foot and slope of the Gede-Pangrango mountains and is at an average altitude of 700-1,800 m above sea level with an average air temperature reaching 14-20 degrees Celsius. In addition, the Puncak area is also surrounded by other mountains, namely Mount Salak (2,221 m)

Tourism

The Peak area has unique natural contours. Most of the area is covered by tea plantations with mountainous backgrounds. The natural beauty of this area amazed President Soekarno, so he built a restaurant to enjoy the natural beauty of Puncak, which was later given the name Riung Gunung Restaurant. In addition, there are also places of recreation and beautiful agro-tourism, including the Gunung Mas Tea Plantation and Gantole (Paragliding). In the Puncak area there are also various interesting tourist attractions including Taman Safari Indonesia, Taman Bunga Nusantara, Cibodas Botanical Garden, Telaga Warna, Taman Wisata Matahari and there is a beautiful mosque with a distinctive and simple architecture, the Atta'awun Mosque. In this area there are also many villas and hotels owned by investors and local residents for visitors to rest.

Access

The Puncak area can be reached from Jakarta and Bandung via National Road Route 2. In addition, this area can also be accessed via Jagorawi Toll Road and Bocimi Toll Road. Roads to the Peak often experience traffic jams on weekends and long holidays, so that jockey services appear "rat road" which shows an alternative path to avoid traffic. The jockey installed a tariff of Rp 100,000 for the 5 km Pandansari-Citempuan route and Rp 300,000 for the 12 km Ciawi-Dam route. Head of the Bogor District Police Traffic Unit Adjunct Commissioner Muhammad Chaniago did not recommend motorists to cross the alternative road because the road was winding and steep and passed through the residents' villages

Mount Galunggung, a mountain that once erupted now used as a tourist attraction

Mount Galunggung is a volcano with an altitude of 2,167 meters above sea level, located about 17 km from downtown Tasikmalaya. To reach the top of Galunggung, built a ladder that has 620 steps. In this region there are several tourist attractions offered include attractions and attractions wanawisata with an area of approximately 120 hectares under the management of Perum Perhutani. Another object of approximately 3 hectares of hot water bath (Cipanas) complete with swimming pool facilities, bathroom and hot tub soak.

Mount Galunggung has the Montane Forest of 1,200 - 1,500 meters and the Ericaceous Forest> 1,500 meters.

Mount Galunggung eruption

Mount Galunggung was recorded to have erupted in 1822 (VEI = 5). The early signs of the eruption were known in July 1822, in which the water of Cikunir became muddy and muddy. Crater examination results indicate that the turbid water is hot and sometimes the smoke column appears from the crater. Then on October 8 s.d. October 12, the eruption produces very hot reddish sand rain, fine ash, hot clouds, and lava. The lava flow moves southeastward along streams. This eruption killed 411 lives and destroyed 114 villages, with land damage to the east and south as far as 40 km from the top of the mountain.

The next eruption occurred in 1894. Between 7-9 October, an eruption that produced a hot cloud. Then on the 27th and 30th of October, there was a lava flowing in the same river channel as the lava generated in the 1822 eruption. This eruption destroyed 50 villages, some of the houses collapsed due to ash rain.

In 1918, in early July, the next eruption took place, beginning with an earthquake. This July 6 eruption resulted in ash of as little as 2-5 mm of ash that was limited in the crater and the southern slope. And on July 9, recorded the appearance of a lava dome in a crater lake as high as 85m with a size of 560x440 m which was then named Mount Jadi.

The last eruption occurred on May 5, 1982 (VEI = 4) accompanied by the sound of booms, sparks, and flashes of lightning. The eruption took place for 9 months and ended on January 8, 1983. During this eruption period, about 18 people died, mostly because of indirect causes (traffic accidents, old age, cold and food shortages). Estimated losses of around Rp 1 billion and 22 villages left unattended.

The eruption of this period has also led to the change of map of the region at a radius of about 20 km from the Galunggung crater, which includes Indihiang District, Sukaratu District and Leuwisari District. The change in the map of the area is mostly caused by the breaking of the road network and the flow of the river and the area of the village due to the abundance of cold lava flow in the form of sand-gravel material.

In the post-eruption period (ie, around 1984-1990) was the rehabilitation of the disaster area by reconstructing the broken road network, dredging the sand / sands in several streams and irrigation channels (especially Cikunten I), then building check dam cold lava) in the area of Sinagar as a 'fortress' of the overflowing safety of cold lava floods into the area of Tasikmalaya City. At that time also exploited the utilization of Galunggung sand which is considered qualified for building materials and road construction. In the later years up to now the dredging effort of Galunggung sand was growing, even at the beginning of its development (around 1984-1985) built Railway network from near Kih Indihiang Station (Cibungkul-Parakanhonje) to check dam Sinagar as special lane to transport sand from Galunggung to Jakarta. The eruption also caused British Airways Flight 9 had an emergency landing at Halim Perdanakusuma Airport, after all four engines were totally dead.

Mount Galunggung as a tourist attraction

Most visitors Galunggung tourist attraction is a local tourist, while tourists from abroad are still under the count of 100 people on average per year. The average domestic and foreign tourists who visit the Galunggung Mountain amounted to 213,382 people per year.

Seeing the potential attractiveness that may be excavated, as well as geographical position is quite strategic, and has a uniqueness of the nature of the object of Mount Galunggung tourism potential enough to be sold to foreign tourists. But the attraction is not packaged in a professional tour package.

Others are different now. Yes, this sentence is worth pinned on the tourist area of Mount Galunggung Tasikmalaya regency. All changes seem obvious in some corners of nature tourism mainstay of this santri city. Perum Perhutani Divre Jabar Banten apparently encompass the attractions of Mount Galunggung by changing its appearance. Of course the goal is to attract more tourists who visit.

Well, for those of you who wonder what the changes? Here are the changes:

1. Stair climbing ladder mounted

2. Corridor view of mount Galunggung

3. waterfall galunggung color

4. galunggung gorge

5. hot water pool

6. camp ground on the crater lip

Dieng Plateau, a Beautiful Place for a Holiday in Central Java Indonesia

Dieng Plateau is an active volcanic area in Central Java, which belongs to Banjarnegara and Wonosobo regencies. Located in the west of the complex of Mount Sindoro and Mount Sumbing.

Dieng has average altitude is about 2,000 m above sea level. Temperatures range from 12-20 ° C in the daytime and 6-10 ° C at night. In the dry season (July and August), temperatures can reach 0 ° C in the morning and create a frost that locals call bun upas ("poison") because it causes damage to crops.

Administratively, Dieng is the area of ??Dieng Kulon Village, Batur District, Kabupaten Banjarnegara and Dieng ("Dieng Wetan"), Kejajar District, Wonosobo District. This region is one of the most remote areas of Central Java.

Etymology

The name Dieng comes from a combination of two Kawi words: "in" meaning "place" or "mountain" and "Hyang" meaningful (Gods). Thus, Dieng means mountainous area where the gods and goddesses reside. Another theory states, the name Dieng derived from the Sundanese language ("in hyang") as it was estimated in the pre-Medang era (around the 7th century AD) the area was in the political influence of Galuh Kingdom.

Geology

Dieng Plateau (DTD) is a plain with volcanic activity beneath its surface, such as Yellowstone or Tengger Highlands. Indeed he is the caldera with the surrounding mountains as its edge. There are many craters as a place of exit gas, water vapor and various other volcanic materials. This situation is very dangerous for residents who inhabit the area, as evidenced by the calamity gas eruption crater 1979. Not only toxic gases, but also possible earthquakes, mud eruptions, landslides, and floods.

In addition to the crater, there are also volcanic lakes that contain water mixed with sulfur so have a typical greenish yellow color.

Biologically, the volcanic activity in Dieng is interesting because it is found in hot water near the crater of several species of thermophilic bacteria ("hot") that can be used to reveal the early life on earth.

Craters

The active crater at Dieng is a crater for volcanic activity under the highlands. Activity monitoring was conducted by PVMBG through Dieng Observation Post in Karangtengah Subdistrict. Here are the monitored active craters:

    Candradimuka

    Sibanteng

    Siglagah

    Sikendang, potentially poisonous gas

    Sikidang

    Sileri

    Sinila, potentially poisonous gas

    Weigh, potentially poisonous gas

Sibanteng Crater

Sibanteng is located in Dieng Kulon Village. This crater had erupted phreatic in January 2009 (15/1), causing Dieng tourist area must be closed a few days to anticipate the occurrence of gas poisoning disaster. The eruption of the mud is heard up to 2 km, destroying the forest owned by Perhutani in the vicinity, and causing landslides that stem the Kali Putih, the Sungai Serayu.

Sibanteng Crater once erupted in July 2003.

Sikidang Crater

Sikidang is a crater in the most popular DTD visited by tourists because it is most easily achieved. This crater is famous for its gas exit hole is always moving in a large area. It is from this character that the name comes from the locals looking at it like a deer (kidang in Javanese).

Sileri Crater

Sileri is the most active crater and has erupted several times (based on notes: 1944, 1964, 1984, July 2003, and September 2009). At the phreatic activity (September 26, 2009) appeared three new crater slits accompanied by a beam of material as high as 200 meters. [3]

On Sunday, April 30, 2017 there was a phreatic eruption in Crater Sileri that spewed mud and catapulted gravel, causing 12 tourists to suffer minor injuries because of the distance that is too close (20 meters from the crater lip) and the result of not following the recommendation not to approach the crater lip below 100 meters.

Sinila Crater

Sinila is located between Batur Village, Sumberejo Village, and Pekasiran Village, Batur District. Sinila Crater once erupted in the morning of 1979, precisely February 20, 1979. The earthquake caused residents running out of the house, but they were trapped poison gas that comes out of the crater Weigh caused by Sinila eruption. A number of residents (149 people) and livestock were killed by carbon dioxide gas toxicity released and spread to residential areas.

Weigh Crater

Weigh is a crater located near Sinila and moderate activity. Although less active, this crater is a highly concentrated source of CO2 gas that killed hundreds of victims in 1979. This last crater recorded an increase in activity in May 2011 by spraying white smoke as high as 20 meters, removing CO2 in concentrations exceeding the safe threshold (1,000 ppm, the normal concentration in air approaches 400 ppm) and gives rise to volcanic earthquakes [6]. On May 31, 2011 morning, this crater again releases CO2 gas up to 1% v / v (100,000 ppm) accompanied by tremor earthquake. As a result all activities within a radius of 1 km is prohibited and residents of Dusun Simbar and Dusun Serang are evacuated

Peaks

    Mount Sumbing (3,387 m)

    Mount Sindoro (3,150 m)

    Mount Prahu (2,565 m)

    Mount Pakuwaja (2,595 m)

    Gunung Sikunir (2,463 m), tourist attractions, near Sembungan

Volcanic lake

    Telaga Warna, a tourist attraction with a place of nearby persemadian

    Telaga Cebong, near the tourist village of Sembungan

    Telaga Merdada

    Lake Pengilon

    Dringo Lake

    Telaga Tilapia

Climate

Dieng has a warm and medium climate. Rain often occurs in the Dieng region, even in the dry season. Based on the Köppen climate classification, Dieng belongs to the Cfb group. The average annual temperature in Dieng is 14.0 ° C

Tourism site

Some cultural and natural relics have been made as a tourist attraction and managed jointly by two districts, namely Banjarnegara and Wonosobo. Here are some attractions in Dieng.

Lake: Lake Color, a lake that often raises the shades of red, green, blue, white, and mauve, Lake Pengilon, which is located adjacent to exactly Telaga Warna, unique water color in the lake is clear as not mixed with sulfur. Another uniqueness is that which limits the Lake Color to the Pengilon Lake is only a grass that forms like a small swamp. Telaga Merdada, is the largest among the lakes in the Dieng Plateau. The water that has never subsided to be used as irrigation for agricultural fields. Even this lake is also used by anglers to channel hobbies or also tourists who simply go around with small boats rented by local residents.

Crater: Sikidang, Sileri, Sinila (erupted and released poison gas in 1979 with 149 victims), Candradimuka Crater.

Complex of Hindu temples built in the 7th century, among others: Gatotkaca Temple, Bima Temple, Arjuna Temple, Semar Temple, Sembadra Temple, Srikandi Temple, Setyaki Temple, Gangsiran Aswatama, and Dwarawati Temple.

Cave: Semar Cave, Jaran Cave, Gua Sumur. Located between Telaga Warna and Pengilon Lake, often used as a spiritual venue.

Jalatunda well in 1937

Jalatunda Well.

Dieng Volcanic Theater, theater to see a movie about mount in Dieng.

Museum of Dieng Kailasa, store artifacts and provide information about nature (geology, flora-fauna), Dieng community (daily, agriculture, trust, art) and archaeological heritage from Dieng. It has a movie theater (currently about Dieng archeology), an open stage on the roof of the museum, as well as a restaurant.

Serayu River spring, often called Tuk Bima Lukar (Tuk = springs).

Agriculture

Dieng area is a producer of highland vegetables for Central Java region. Potato is the main commodity. In addition, carrots, cabbage, and garlic are produced from this region. In addition to vegetables, Dieng is also a center producing papaya mountain (carica), mushrooms, fruit kemar, and purwaceng.

However, due to the rapid agricultural activity of forests in the peaks of the mountains is almost used up to be converted into vegetable crops.

Geothermal field

Dieng area is still geologically active and many have hydrothermal energy sources. There are three main hydrothermal fields, namely Pakuwaja, Sileri, and Sikidang. In all three there are active fumaroles (steam craters), mud pools, and steam fields. Hot springs are found, for example, in Bitingan, Siglagah, Pulosari, and Jojogan, with average temperatures ranging from 25 ° C (Jojogan) to 58 ° C (Siglagah) [9]. Sikidang area has begun to be utilized as a hydrothermal energy source.