TNI General Ret. HM Soeharto, born in Kemusuk Hamlet, Argomulyo Village, Sedayu District, Bantul, Yogyakarta, June 8, 1921 - died in Jakarta, January 27, 2008 at the age of 86, is the second President of Indonesia who served from 1967 Until 1998, replacing Sukarno. In the international world, especially in the Western World, Suharto is often referred to as the popular "The Smiling General" (Indonesian: "The Smiling General") because of his always smiling face.
Before becoming president, Suharto was a military leader during the Japanese and Dutch occupation, with the last rank of Major General. After the September 30th Movement of 1965, Suharto declared that the PKI was the responsible party and led the operation to crush it. This operation killed more than 500,000 people.
Soeharto then took power from Sukarno, and officially became president in 1968. He was re-elected by the MPR in 1973, 1978, 1983, 1988, 1993, and 1998. In 1998, his term ended after resigning on 21 May Year, following the May 1998 riots and the occupation of the DPR / MPR building by thousands of students. He is the longest person who served as president of Indonesia. Soeharto was replaced by B.J. Habibie.
Suharto's legacy is still debated to this day. In his reign, called the New Order, Suharto built a stable state and achieved economic and infrastructure progress. Suharto also considered limiting the freedom of Indonesian citizens of Chinese descent, occupying East Timor, and considered the most corrupt regime with the amount of US $ 15 billion to $ 35 billion. The attempt to try Soeharto failed because of his deteriorating health. After suffering prolonged illness, he died of multifunctional organ failure in Jakarta on January 27, 2008.
Family
Parents
On June 8, 1921, Suharto was born by his mother, named Sukirah in Kemusuk Hamlet, Argomulyo Village, Sedayu Subdistrict, Bantul, Yogyakarta. The birth was assisted by a birth shaman named Mbah Kromodiryo who is also the younger brother of Sukirah, Mbah Kertoirono.In his autobiography My Mind, Speech and Action compiled by G. Dwipayana, Sukirah is described by Soeharto as a young mother who is having difficulty thinking about domestic matters. However, many records in other Soeharto history books that many mention Sukirah are experiencing very difficult mental problems. Before Suharto (born June 8, 1921) was forty days old, Sukirah had to face divorce divorce her husband, Kertosudiro.
Kertosudiro, a poor irrigation master who later became Soeharto's father, did not play much of the role in Soeharto's life. In fact, many Suharto observers, such as R.E. Elson, several biographers and close people, including former Minister of Information close to Soeharto, Mashuri, believed that Kertosudiro was not Soeharto's real father. In 1974, there was a horrendous news from a gossip magazine called 'POP' with a storyline that revealed the old story that Suharto was the son of Padmodipuro, a nobleman of Hamengkubowono II. A small Soeharto 6-year-old was dumped into the village and raised by Kertosudiro. This was later strongly denied by Soeharto. Half of his wrath, Soeharto held a press conference at Bina Graha that the coverage of his noble children's origins could be a subversive ride. Soeharto in his own way wanted to impress that he was a village boy.
The unclear origin of Soeharto's genealogy is still unsolved. However, of all that, Suharto's baby is in the world with a less favorable family condition. Sukirah who is distressed and happy to be imprisoned has been found to be dying somewhere because she forced herself to fast (not eating and drinking for 40 days) in a hidden place, and the loss of the panicked villagers had caused the villagers to search for them. Aware of Sukirah's unfavorable condition, Sukirah's family finally decided to hand over Suharto's baby care to Kertosudiro's elder sister.
Sukirah remarried with Pramono and was blessed with seven children, including the second son, Probosutedjo.
Wife and children
Soeharto married Raden Ayu Siti Hartinah, son of KRMT Soemoharyomo. Soemoharyomo was a Wedana in Solo. The marriage of Lieutenant Colonel (Lieutenant Colonel) Soeharto with Siti Hartinah (later known as Tien Soeharto) was held on December 26, 1947 in Solo. At that time, Suharto was 26 years old, while Siti Hartinah was 24 years old. The couple is blessed with six sons and daughters, namely Siti Hardiyanti Hastuti (Tutut), Sigit Harjojudanto, Bambang Trihatmodjo, Siti Hediati Harijadi (Titiek), Hutomo Mandala Putra (Tommy), and Siti Hutami Endang Adiningsih (Mamiek).Childhood and education
Soeharto is not like other village children who have to work in the fields. In a very young age, he was educated by Kertosudiro. There were no reports of Soeharto's time at the People's School (at elementary school level). Suharto's impression in elementary school was only in his memory of his buffalo. Soeharto's world is only concerned with buffalo grazing, away from the stories children get from books that are often read by elementary school children. This is different, for example with the story of Sukarno when he was still in elementary school that many stories about his school and what he read, as well as Hatta and Sjahrir who since childhood are familiar with Karl May or the story of Charles Dickens novels.As he grew older, Suharto lived with his grandfather, Mbah Atmosudiro, the father of his mother. Soeharto schooled when he was eight years old, but often moved. Originally schooled in Elementary School (SD) in Puluhan Village, Godean. Then, move to SD Pedes (Yogyakarta) because his mother and stepfather, Pramono, moved house to Kemusuk Kidul. Kertosudiro then moved Soeharto to Wuryantoro, Wonogiri, Central Java. Soeharto was entrusted to the house of his aunt who married a farmer named Prawirowihardjo. Suharto was accepted as the oldest son and treated the same as Prawirowihardjo's sons and daughters. Soeharto then schooled and pursue all the lessons, especially counting. He also received a strong religious education from his aunt's family.
The farming craze grew during Suharto's stay in Wuryantoro. Under the guidance of his uncle's peasant mantri, Suharto became aware and pursue agriculture. After school, Soeharto learned to study in the studio with his friends, even lasting all night. He was also active in Hizbul Wathan scouting and got to know the heroes like Raden Ajeng Kartini and Prince Diponegoro from a newspaper that reached the village. After four years of high school, Suharto was sent to his secondary school by his parents to Wonogiri. After 14 years old, Suharto lived in Hardjowijono's home. Hardjowijono is a friend of his father who is a retired railway employee. Hardjowijono was also a loyal follower of Kiai Darjatmo, a prominent religious figure in Wonogiri at the time.
Because often invited, Suharto often help Kiai Darjatmo make prescription traditional medicine to treat the sick. Suharto returned to his home village, Kemusuk, to continue his studies at the Muhammadiyah Junior High School (SMP) in Yogyakarta. It is done because in that school students may wear a sarong and without wearing footwear (shoes).
At the end of junior high school, Soeharto actually wanted to go to a higher school. What power, father and other families are not able to finance due to economic conditions. Soeharto was trying to find work around, but failed. He returned to his aunt's house in Wuryantoro. There, he was accepted as an assistant clerk at a Village Bank (Volk-bank). Not long after, he asked to stop.
One day in 1942, Suharto read the announcement of acceptance of members of the Koninklijk Nederlands Indisce Leger (KNIL). KNIL is the Dutch royal army. He enlisted and was accepted into the army. At that time, he had only served seven days with the rank of sergeant because the Dutch surrendered to Japan. Sergeant Soeharto then returned to Hamlet. It was precisely here that his military career began.
Military career
On June 1, 1940, he was accepted as a student at a military school in Gombong, Central Java. After six months of basic training, he graduated as the best graduate and received the rank of corporal. He was elected as an exemplary soldier at Sekolah Bintara, Gombong, and officially became a TNI member on 5 October 1945.He joined the Dutch colonial army, KNIL. When World War II raged in 1942, he was sent to Bandung to serve as a reserve army at the Army HQ for a week. After being a sergeant of the KNIL army, he became a platoon commander, a Japanese-sponsored military company commander known as PETA soldiers, regimental commander with rank of major, and battalion commander with a rank of lieutenant colonel.
After the War of Independence ended, he remained the Commander of the Garuda Mataram Brigade with the rank of lieutenant colonel. He led the Garuda Mataram Brigade in the crackdown of Andi Azis rebellion in Sulawesi. Later, he was appointed as Komadan APRIS (Armed Forces of the United States of Indonesia) Makassar City Sector in charge of securing the city from interference KNIL / KL.
On March 1, 1949, he participated in a general offensive that succeeded in occupying the city of Yogyakarta for six hours. The initiative came with the advice of Sri Sultan Hamengkubuwono IX to the Great Commander Soedirman that Brigade X led by Lieutenant Colonel Soeharto immediately launched a general attack on Yogyakarta and occupied the city for six hours to prove that the Republic of Indonesia (RI) still exists.
At the age of about 32, his duties were transferred to the Division Headquarters and appointed Commander of the 15th Infantry Regiment with the rank of lieutenant colonel (1 March 1953). On June 3, 1956, he was appointed Chief of Staff of the Commander of the Army and Territorium IV Diponegoro in Semarang. From the Chief of Staff, he was appointed as the Commander of the Army and Territorium IV Diponegoro. On January 1, 1957, his rank was raised to colonel.
The black sheets also colored his military journey. He was once dismissed by General Nasution as the Diponegoro Commander. The event of dismissal on October 17, 1959 was due to his act known to use his military institution to request money from companies in Central Java. His case was almost brought to the military court by Colonel Ahmad Yani. At the suggestion of General Gatot Subroto at that time, he was released and transferred to the Army Staff and Command School (SESKOAD) in Bandung, West Java. At the age of 38, he attended C SSKAD (School Staff and Command AD) course in Bandung and was promoted to brigadier general on January 1, 1960. Later, he was appointed Deputy I Chief of Staff of the Army at the age of 39 years.
On October 1, 1961, the dual position as Commander of the Civil Army Corps I (C Reserves) which he had assumed when he was 40 years old increased with his new position as Commander of the Army of Command (Kohanudad). In 1961, he also served as the Military Attache of the Republic of Indonesia in Belgrade, Paris (France), and Bonn (Germany). At the age of 41, his rank was promoted to major general (January 1, 1962) and became Commander of Mandala Liberation Command of West Irian and concurrently as Deputy of Eastern Indonesia Region in Makassar. Upon his return from East Indonesia, Suharto, who had been promoted to major general, was withdrawn to ABRI headquarters by General A.H. Nasution. In mid-1962, Suharto was appointed Commander of the Army Strategic Reserve Command (Kostrad) until 1965.
About a year later, on January 2, 1962, Brigadier General Suharto was appointed Commander of the Mandala Liberation Command of West Irian. Major General Soeharto was inaugurated as Minister of Commander of the Army and immediately dissolved the Indonesian Communist Party (PKI) and its mass organizations. After he was appointed Commander of the Army Strategic Command (Kostrad) on May 1, 1963, he formed the Operation Command for Restoring Security and Order (Kopkamtib) to compensate for the movement that raged on October 1, 1965. Two days later, exactly 3 October 1965, Major General Soeharto was appointed as Commander of Kopkamtib. This position gave great powers to carry out the purge of those accused of being the perpetrators of the movement.
Rise to power
On the morning of October 1, 1965, some of the Presidential guard, Tjakrabirawa under Lieutenant Colonel Untung Syamsuri along with other troops kidnapped and killed six generals. On that occasion General A.H. Nasution, who served as Coordinating Minister for Defense and Armed Forces Chiefs, escaped. The one saved, which was not the target of the coup attempt was Major General Soeharto, though it was a question of whether Suharto was involved or not in the event known as the movement. Some sources said the involved Tjakrabirawa troops claimed they were trying to stop a military coup backed by the CIA planned to remove President Soekarno from power on "ABRI Day", 5 October 1965 by a military body better known as the Council of Generals.This event was immediately responded by Maj. Gen. Soeharto to immediately secure Jakarta, according to the official version of history during the New Order period, especially after receiving news that Lt. Gen. Ahmad Yani, Minister / Commander of the Army is unknown. This is in fact based on the prevailing practice in the Army that if the Army Commander is unable to attend, the Commander of Kostrad conducts his duties. This action was reinforced by the decrease of the Order of the Order known as the March 11 (Supersemar) Letter of Supreme Court from President Soekarno which authorized and mandated Suharto to take all measures to restore security and order. Soeharto's decision was to immediately dissolve the Indonesian Communist Party (Partai Komunis Indonesia / PKI) even though it was opposed by President Soekarno, the arrest of a number of ministers suspected of involvement in the movement (September 30th Movement). This action according to international observers is said to be a step to get rid of the pro-Sukarno and pro-Communist Indonesian Armed Forces which is addressed to the Air Force of the Republic of Indonesia where the ranks of its leaders, especially Air Force Commander Rear Admiral Omar Dhani considered pro-Sukarno and Communist, and finally Forcing Sukarno to surrender executive power. The purge of communist elements (PKI) led to the death sentences of members of the Communist Party in Indonesia which led to the systematic murder of about 500,000 "communist suspects", mostly civilians, and violence against the Chinese Chinese minority. Suharto is said to have received CIA support in the communist crackdown. American diplomats 25 years later revealed that they had written a list of "communist operations" of Indonesia and had handed over 5,000 names to the Indonesian military. Been Huang, a former member of the US Embassy in Jakarta, said in 1990 that: "It was a great help for the Armed Forces They might kill a lot of people, and I probably have a lot of blood in my hands but not that bad. You have to hit hard at the right time. " Howard Fenderspiel, an Indonesian expert at the State Department's Bureau of Intelligence and Research in 1965: "Nobody cares, as long as they are communists, that they are massacred.No one works about it." 1 He ended the confrontation with Malaysia in order to free up resources at military.
After being sworn in as Commander of the Army Commander on October 14, 1965, he immediately dissolved the PKI and its mass organizations. Exactly March 11, 1966, he received a Letter of Command of March (Supersemar) from President Soekarno through three generals, namely Basuki Rachmat, Amir Machmud, and M Yusuf. The content of Supersemar is to grant power to Suharto for and on behalf of the President / Supreme Commander / Great Commander of the Revolution in order to take the necessary measures for the assurance of security, tranquility and stability of the government and the course of the revolution. A day later, March 12, 1966, Menpangad Lt. Gen. Soeharto dissolved the PKI and declared a banned party in Indonesia.
Due to the worsening political situation following the outbreak of the movement, the MPRS Special Session in March 1967, Suharto, who had received promotion as a four-star general on July 1, 1966, was appointed presidential official based on MPRS Tap No XXXIII / 1967 on February 22 1967. As the holder of MPRS Decree No XXX / 1967, Soeharto then received the transfer of government power from President Soekarno. Through the MPRS Special Session, on March 7, 1967, Suharto was appointed presidential officer until the election of the president by the MPR elected.
General Soeharto was appointed as a presidential official on 12 March 1967 after President Soekarno's (NAWAKSARA) accountability was rejected by the MPRS. Then, Suharto became president following the outcome of the MPRS General Assembly (MPRS Decree No. XLIV / MPRS / 1968) on 27 March 1968. Besides being president, he also served as Minister of Defense / Security. On June 1, 1968 Old. From now on the term New Order. The composition of the cabinet announced on 10 June 1968 was named the Development Cabinet of the "Five-Year Development Plan" I. On June 15, 1968, President Soeharto formed the Presidential Economic Expert Team consisting of Prof. Dr. Widjojo Nitisastro, Prof. Dr. Ali Wardhana, Prof. Dr. Moh Sadli, Prof. Dr. Soemitro Djojohadikusumo, Prof. Dr. Subroto, Dr. Emil Salim, Drs Frans Seda, and Drs Radius Prawiro.
On July 3, 1971, the president raised 100 members of the House of Representatives from the Armed Forces and gave 9 seats of West Irian Provincial Representative to representatives of Golkar. After joining forces of political parties, Soeharto was re-elected president by the MPR General Assembly (MPR Decree No. IX / MPR / 1973) on 23 March 1973 for the second post. Currently, Sri Sultan Hamengkubuwono IX accompanies him as vice president.
At the age of 55, Suharto entered retirement from military service (Keprres No. 58 / ABRI / 1974). Achievement of the top in the world of politics helped complete the story of his life as a ruler. After reaching the top position in the republic, the power struggle began to show its fangs. On January 20, 1978, President Soeharto banned seven newspapers, Kompas, Sinar Harapan, Merdeka, Pelita, The Indonesian Times, Sinar Pagi and Post Sore. Some of them later apologized to Soeharto.
On March 22, 1978, Suharto was reinstated president for a third term and Adam Malik as vice president. The General Assembly of the People's Consultative Assembly of 1 March 1983 decided to re-elect Soeharto as president and Umar Wirahadikusumah as vice-president. Through MPR Decree No. V 1983, MPR appointed Soeharto as the Father of Development of the Republic of Indonesia. On March 16, 1983, President Soeharto announced the composition of the IV Development Cabinet of 21 ministers, three coordinating ministers, eight young ministers, and three ministerial level officials. On January 1, 1984, President Soeharto filled out Golkar membership forms and has since officially become a member of Golkar.
Some political observers both domestically and abroad say that Soeharto cleans parliament from communists, removes unions and improves censorship. He also broke off diplomatic ties with the People's Republic of China and established ties with western countries and the United Nations. He becomes decisive in all political decisions.
General Soeharto is said to increase military funds and establish two intelligence services: the Command for Restoring Security and Order (Kopkamtib) and the National Intelligence Coordinating Agency (Bakin). About 2 million people were executed in mass cleansing and more than 200,000 were arrested only on suspicion of involvement in the coup. Many communists, communist suspects and so-called "enemies of the state" were executed (though some penalties were postponed to 1990).
It is suspected that the list of communist suspects was given to Suharto by the CIA. In addition, the CIA tracked names on this list as the Suharto regime began searching for them. This unspoken support from the United States Government for the Suharto regime remained silent until the invasion of East Timor, and continued into the late 1990s. Due to its rich natural resources and large consumer population, Indonesia is valued as a US trading partner and as well as arms shipments but retained to the Soeharto regime. When Suharto visited Washington in 1995 the Clinton administrative official was quoted in the New York Times as saying that Suharto was "a person like us" or "our faction".
On 12 March 1967 Soeharto was appointed as the Acting President of Indonesia by the Provisional People's Consultative Assembly. A year later, on 27 March 1968 he was officially appointed President for his first five-year term. He directly appoints 20% of MPR members. Golkar Party became the favorite party and the only one received by government officials. Indonesia is also one of the founders of ASEAN.
The Indonesian economy was completely disorganized in the mid-1960s. Soeharto then sought the advice of a team of West-educated economists known as the Berkeley mafia. The short-term goal of this new government is to control inflation, stabilize the value of the rupiah, get foreign debt, and encourage the entry of foreign investment. And for one thing, their success can not be denied. The role of Sudjono Humardani as a great financial assistant means in this achievement.
In the field of social politics, Soeharto handed it to Ali Murtopo as an assistant to political issues. Eliminating the opposition by weakening the power of political parties is done through fusion in the party system.
As president
Rome, Italy, November 14, 1985. The wintering of the city of Rome at that time also bite the body of each participant of the 23rd World Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) Conference. Not less than 165 member countries send their representatives to the event that membetot the eye of the world's attention to Indonesia at that time. President Soeharto who succeeded in delivering Indonesia from the world's largest rice importer to self-sufficiency went to the podium to give his speech. He handed over a million tons of dry rice (grain) from farmers to give to the starving Africans."If development in the field of food is considered successful, it is a giant work of the entire nation of Indonesia," said President Soeharto in his speech. Therefore, FAO rewarded that success with a special award in the form of gold medal on July 21, 1986. Suharto's achievements in agriculture are fantastic or awesome. Indonesia tastes great self-sufficiency beginning in 1984. Large production in that year reached 25.8 million tons. In fact, the data of 1969 rice produced by Indonesia only 12.2 million tons. The result forced Indonesia to import at least 2 million tons of rice.
Therefore, on March 10, 1988, Suharto was re-elected president by the fifth MPR. The position of vice president was handed over to Sudharmono after competing with DR H J NARO SH Chairman of DPP PPP Once again, the eyes of the world was fixed on a Soeharto. Due to the successful implementation of the population and family planning program, President Soeharto was awarded an individual awards charter at the United Nations Headquarters in New York on June 8, 1989. "The increase in food production does not mean much if the population growth is out of control," Soeharto.
He was awarded the UN Population Award, the highest UN award in the field of residence. The award was presented directly by UN Secretary General Javier de Cueller at United Nations Headquarters in New York to coincide with the 68th anniversary of Suharto on June 8, 1989. Suharto increasingly ogled when successfully uphold the dignity of Indonesia in the Asian economic background. In ASEAN, he is considered to be instrumental in developing this regional organization to be reckoned with in the world. "Without the goodness and presence of Soeharto, we will spend a lot of gross domestic product in the field of defense," said Australian Prime Minister Paul Keating at the time. Paul Keating calls Suharto a "father".
In his book, Suharto; Political Biography, Robert Edward Elson writes, "Soeharto is a very important figure during the XX century in Asia." Two US Presidents Richard Nixon and Ronald Reagan also praised Suharto's move. However, Suharto claimed to be a child of peasants with ordinary values ??that are not ambitious to rule the country of Indonesia and precede the interests of the nation. "I am at home, between wife and children feeling as an ordinary person, just by chance given the trust by the people to lead this country as president," said Soeharto in a speech meeting at the 67th Mother's Day Memorial in District Mojosari, District Mojokerto, East Java on December 22, 1989.
Therefore, on September 14, 1991, President Soeharto rejected the request of the United States to obtain a military base in Indonesia after moving from the Philippines. Soeharto was elected by the MPR as president for the sixth time on March 10, 1993. This time, Try Sutrisno as vice president. After six consecutive decisions of the MPR as president, Suharto began to declare that he had no ambition to become president for life (March 12, 1994). In his leadership of this period, President Soeharto dismissed Prof. Dr. Satrio Budiharjo Joedono as Minister of Trade before the end of his tenure (6 December 1995).
Soeharto who started his reign as presidential officer on 12 March 1967 and became president on March 27, 1968 continued to hold the post for 31 years. Initially there was an estimate that Suharto would refuse his re-nomination as president for the sixth period in 1998 after his wife died on 28 April 1996. The estimate was mistaken. When he was 75, he was not only willing to be re-nominated but accepted to be reappointed president for the period 1998-2003. He received the award of Five Stars or the rank of Great General at the age of 76 years (29 September 1997).
On July 25, 1996, President Soeharto accepted the Soerjadi-led PDI and rejected Megawati Soekarnoputri's leadership to lead the Indonesian Democratic Party (PDI). Two days later there was a bloody July 27 incident.
Efforts to overcome the crisis and dampen the opposition
The monetary crisis that hit Asia in 1997 also hit Indonesia. In fact, the crisis also hit the economic crisis sector. On October 8, 1997, the President called for IMF and World Bank assistance to strengthen the financial sector and declared the storm must pass. The President asked all the people to remain steadfast in the face of the monetary crisis (November 29, 1997).In the midst of a severe economic crisis and a sharp rejection, on March 10, 1998, the MPR authorized Soeharto as president for the seventh time. This time, Prof. Ing BJ Habibie as vice president. On March 17, 1998, he donated all his salary and benefits as president and requested the willingness of other high officials to give up his basic salary for one year in the context of the monetary crisis.
Facing the demand for resignation, on May 1, 1998, Suharto stated that the reforms would be prepared starting in 2003. When in Egypt on May 13, 1998, President Soeharto declared his willingness to withdraw if the people wanted and would not defend his position by force of weapons. Eleven ministers of economy and industry (ekuin) Development Cabinet VII resigned (May 20, 1998). The monetary and economic crisis really undermined his leadership system. As a result, Suharto could not survive in the top leadership of the country.
Only 70 days after being reappointed president for the seventh time, Suharto was forced to resign from his post as president. President Soeharto stepped down on 21 May 1998. Right at 09.00 Western Indonesia Time, Soeharto quit his post as president. The television screen was broadcasting instantly seconds per second of the resignation process.
May 12-20, 1998 became a very long period. However, those days his power was further undermined by various actions and events. Student action spread throughout the country. Thousands of students are staging concerns in various places. Trisakti students, Jakarta, conducted their action not far from their campus. The action participants started out from the campus and entered the arterial road and intend to come to the House of MPR / DPR which is very strategic. On May 12, 1998 afternoon, there was a news broadcast of the death of four Trisakti students.
A day later, on May 13, 1998, the bodies of the four students who died were departed to their homes. The students who attended the song sang Gugur Bunga. The deaths of the students were widely broadcast through radio, television and newspaper coverage. The death of the four students seemed to be the explosion of a larger event. Thursday, May 14, 1998, the capital city of the country (Jakarta) hit by violent riots. On May 15, 1998, the plane carrying President Soeharto and entourage landed before 05.00 am in Halim Perdanakusuma Air Force base air base from a visit to Cairo, Egypt to attend the 15th Group Summit (Group 15 / G-15) .
On 16 May 1998, the President held a series of meetings including consultation with the House leadership. On May 17, 1998, Minister of Tourism, Arts and Culture Abdul Latief submitted a letter of resignation as minister. On May 18, 1998, thousands of students came to the MPR / DPR Building. The action ended with President Suharto's resignation on 21 May 1998.
Those who died were two students of class of 1995 and two students of class of 1996. Force 1995 consisted of Hery Hartanto (Faculty of Industrial Engineering Department of Machinery) and Hafidhin Alifidin Royan (Faculty of Industrial Engineering Department of Machinery). Meanwhile, students who died in 1996 are Elang Mulia Lesmana (Faculty of Civil Engineering and Planning Department of Architecture) and Hendriawan Sie (Faculty of Economics, Department of Management).
Suharto built and expanded General Nasution's "Middle Way" concept into a dwifungsi concept to gain the support of a theoretical basis for the military to expand its influence through government officials, including reserves of seat allocations in parliament and key posts in the civilian bureaucracy. The role of this dual function is the permanent role of the military in politics.
Ali Murtopo's lunge with his intelligence agency began to threaten Suharto. The rivalry between Ali Moertopo and Sumitro was used to remove Ali. But Sumitro was immediately withdrawn from his post and Kopkamtib's control was directly held by Soeharto as it was considered potentially threatening. Several months after the Malari incident 12 newspapers were closed and hundreds of Indonesians including students were arrested and imprisoned.
In 1978 to eliminate the student movement, the immediate enforcement of NKK / BKK (Normalization of Campus Life / Student Coordinating Board). This policy is strongly opposed by many student organizations. The relationship of student activities with the campus is only to those who are allowed by the government through the mechanism of control of dekanat and rectorate.
The mouth of the press was silenced by the birth of the Press Law. 12 of 1982. This Act implies a restriction or warning regarding the content of news or broadcast. The mass organizations formed must obtain government permission with only one government-made professional organization allowed to stand. So that mass organizations are nothing more than the New Order puppets.
Then in 1979-1980 a group of high-ranking officers of the armed forces and critical civilian figures, who joined in Petisi 50, issued a leaflet series complaining about the political stance of the New Order government that made the Army a supporter of Golkar's victory and demanded Political reform. In return, the government bans them. This group also failed and was never able to perform again as an effective opposition against the New Order government.
Peak of the New Order
During his reign, President Soeharto set economic growth as the main task and goal of the government. He appointed many technocrats and economists who previously opposed to President Soekarno who tended to be socialist. Technocrats who are generally educated western and liberal (United States) are appointed Berkeley graduates so they are better known in the economic clique as the Berkeley Mafia among Indonesian Economy, Industry and Finance. In its time, Indonesia received economic and financial assistance from donor countries (developed countries) incorporated in IGGI sponsored by the Dutch government. But in 1992, the IGGI was stopped by the Indonesian government because it was considered to be interfering in Indonesian internal affairs, especially in the case of East Timor after the Dili Incident. The role of IGGI was replaced by a French sponsored CGI donor agency. In addition, Indonesia has received assistance from other international agencies under the UN such as UNICEF, UNESCO and WHO. Unfortunately, the failure of economic management based on a trickle down effect system that emphasizes the growth and economic management of a handful of people and the poor economic management of the government's industrial and financial trade (EKUIN), has made Indonesia finally rely on International donors especially after the crisis 1997. In the economic field also, Indonesia recorded self-sufficiency in rice in 1984. But the achievement was not maintained in the following years. Then Indonesia's economic progress at that time was considered very significant so that Indonesia was included in the country that approached the New Industrial countries along with Malaysia, the Philippines and Thailand, besides Singapore, the Republic of China and South Korea.In the political field, President Soeharto united political parties so that at that time known three political parties namely the United Development Party (PPP), Golkar Group and the Indonesian Democratic Party (PDI) in its effort to simplify political life in Indonesia as a result of The politics of President Sukarno's multiparty system that resulted in the ups and downs of the cabinet and is considered the cause of stagnant development. Then the issuance of the Political Law and the sole principle of Pancasila that colored the political life at that time. But in its journey, there was an imbalance in political life where there emerged the term "single majority" in which Golkar was the main party and "castrated" the other two political parties in every election. Various dissatisfactions emerged, but were muted by the system of the day.
Along with the rising level of education during his reign due to economic growth, there emerged various criticisms and dissatisfaction over the imbalance of inequality in development. Economic, social and political disparities bring dissatisfied and demanding improvement. Then during his reign, recorded incidents of violence in the community that are generally full of political interests, in addition to the dissatisfaction of the community.
Several notes on New Order's repressive measures
President Soeharto was judged to have started an emphasis on the Chinese, prohibiting the use of written Chinese writing on written materials, and closing Chinese organizations due to their alleged sympathy for the communists. In addition, the ethnic Chinese political rights are limited and the Confucian religion is not recognized. Nevertheless, Suharto was involved in a friendly friendship with Lee Kuan Yew who once served as a Chinese Prime Minister of Chinese ethnicity.In 1970 Suharto banned student protests following widespread demonstrations against corruption. A commission found that corruption is very common. Suharto approved only two cases and then closed the commission. Corruption then becomes an endemic.
He ruled through military control and media censorship. He mastered financially by giving easy transactions and monopolies to his brothers, including his six children. He also continued to play different factions in the military against each other, starting with supporting nationalist groups and then supporting the Islamic element.
In 1973 he won the next five-year term by electoral college. And also re-elected in 1978, 1983, 1988, 1993, and 1998. Suharto changed the electoral law by allowing only three parties to vote, including his own party, Golkar. Therefore all existing Islamic parties are required to join the United Development Party, while non-Islamic (Catholic and Protestant) parties and nationalist parties are merged into the Indonesian Democratic Party.
In 1975, with the approval of even the request of the United States and Australia, he ordered Indonesian troops to enter the former Portuguese colony of East Timor after Portugal withdrew and the Fretilin movement held disruptive powers in its own East Timorese society and US concerns over Fretilin actions which, Interference of the Soviet Union. Then the pro-integration government installed by Indonesia asked the region to integrate with Indonesia. On 15 July 1976 East Timor became a province of East Timor until the territory was transferred to the UN administration in 1999.
Corruption became a heavy burden in the 1980s. On May 5, 1980 a group later known as Petisi 50 demanded greater political freedom. The group consists of members of the military, politicians, academics, and students. Media Indonesia pressed the news and the government signed its signature. After in 1984 the group alleges that Soeharto created a one-party state, some of his leaders imprisoned.
Suharto's human rights record has also worsened from year to year. In 1993 the UN Human Rights Commission adopted a resolution expressing deep concern for violations of human rights in Indonesia and in East Timor. US President Bill Clinton backed him.
In 1996 Suharto tried to remove Megawati Sukarnoputri from the leadership of the Indonesian Democratic Party (PDI), one of three official parties. In June, Megawati's supporters occupied the party's headquarters. After the security forces detained them, riots broke out in Jakarta on July 27, 1996 (the Gray Saturday event) known as the "Kudatuli Event" (Riot of July 7th).
Withdraw from the presidency
In 1997, according to the World Bank, 20 to 30% of Indonesia's development funds have been abused for years. The Asian financial crisis of the same year did not bring good things to the administration of President Suharto when he was forced to ask for a loan, which also meant a thorough and detailed examination of the IMF.Although he declared not to be nominated again as President in the period 1998-2003, especially at the Gotong Karya event, Soeharto still ensured he was re-elected by parliament for the seventh time in March 1998. After some demonstrations, riots, political and military pressure, The occupation of the DPR / MPR building, President Soeharto resigned on 21 May 1998 to avoid divisions and eruptions of instability in Indonesia. The government was continued by the Vice President of the Republic of Indonesia, B. J. Habibie.
In his 32-year rule, there has been abuse of power, including corruption and human rights abuses. This is one of the factors that ended the Soeharto era. However, Michel Camdesus, the IMF Director acknowledges that what the IMF is doing in Indonesia is nothing but a catalyst for the fall of the Suharto government. As cited by the New York Times, Camdesus states "we created the conditions that obliged President Soeharto Left his job
In the Credentials Room, Merdeka Palace, Jalan Medan Merdeka Utara, Jakarta, President Soeharto read the last speech, thus:
"Since the last few days, I have followed closely the progress of our national situation, especially the aspirations of the people to hold reforms in all areas of national and state life. On the basis of my deep understanding of these aspirations and driven by the belief that reforms need to be carried out in an orderly, peaceful, and constitutional manner.
For the sake of maintaining the unity and unity of the nation and the sustainability of national development, I have declared the plan of forming the Reform Committee and amending the composition of the VII Development Cabinet. However, the reality to this day indicates that the Reform Committee could not be realized because there was no adequate response to the plan for the establishment of the committee.
In the desire to carry out the reforms in the best possible way, I judged that in the absence of a Reformed Committee, the change of structure of the VII Development Cabinet became unnecessary.
With regard to the above circumstances, I think it is very difficult for me to be able to run the duties of state governance and development properly. Therefore, taking into account the provisions of Article 8 of the 1945 Constitution and seriously paying attention to the views of the leadership of the People's Legislative Assembly and the leadership of the factions within it, I decided to declare a termination from my position as President of RI since I read this statement on Thursday , May 21, 1998.
My statement to quit my position as President of RI I conveyed in front of the brothers and sisters of the House of Representatives and also the leaders of the Assembly on the occasion of friendship. In accordance with Article 8 of the 1945 Constitution, the Vice President of the Republic of Indonesia, Prof. Dr. Ing. BJ Habibie who will continue the remainder of office of President / Mandate of MPR 1998-2003. For the help and support of the people as long as I lead the country and the nation of Indonesia I thank and apologize if there are errors and shortcomings, hopefully the Indonesian nation remains victorious with Pancasila and the 1945 Constitution.
Beginning today also the Cabinet of Development VII of the missionary and to the ministers I thank you. Since it is not possible to hold an oath before the House of Representatives, in order to avoid a leadership vacuum in administering the state government, presumably the current vice-president will also take the oath of presidency in the presence of the Supreme Court. "
A moment later, President Soeharto handed over the top leadership of the country. Dr. Ing. BJ Habibie. After carrying out the oath of office, BJ Habibie finally officially assumed the presidency of the 3rd RI. Congratulations came from mantan Presiden Soeharto, leaders and representatives of the leadership of the MPR / DPR, ministers and anyone who participated in the presidential oath of office at the time.
Not long is too long, the security minister concurrently Armed Forces Chief General Wiranto read the statement, thus: first, to understand the situation that developed and aspirations of the people, the military supports and welcomes the request to stop Mr. Suharto as President and by konstutusi support Vice President Mr. BJ Habibie as President of RI.
Second, the ABRI remains compact and one hopes and invites all Indonesian people to accept President Soeharto's personal will which is in accordance with the constitution, Article 8 of the 1945 Constitution.
Thirdly, in this case, ABRI will still play an active role in preventing irregularities and other things that can threaten the integrity of the nation.
Fourth, upholding the noble values ??of the nation's culture, ABRI will keep the safety and honor of former President / Mandate of MPR including Mr. Soeharto and his family.
Fifth, ABRI invites all parties to be calm, prevent the occurrence of riots and acts of violence that will ultimately harm the community itself.
Cases of alleged corruption
After Suharto officially resigned from his post as president, various elements of society began to demand prosecution and trial for the longest-serving former president in Indonesia. On September 1, 1998, the Attorney General's team announced an indication of the use of foundation money under former President Soeharto's government. Through Indonesian Education Television (TPI) on September 6, 1998, Suharto appeared and stated that he had no wealth abroad.Attorney General AM Ghalib and Menko Wasbang / PAN Hartarto met him at Jalan Cendana (Jakarta) to clarify the revelation (21 September 1998). On November 21, 1998, the Work Development Faction (FKP) proposed to the government to appoint former President Suharto as a prisoner of the city. This is an initial act of investigation of Suharto's wealth and wealth allegedly derived from Collusion, Corruption, and Nepotism (KKN).
On 3 December 1998, President BJ Habibie instructed Attorney General AM Ghalib to immediately take legal action to examine former President Soeharto. On December 9, 1998, the team examined the Attorney General Suharto in Jakarta High Court in connection with the foundation's funds, the national car program, Suharto's wealth abroad, and Tapos case. Time magazine reported about Suharto's overseas wealth of US $ 15 billion (May 22, 1999). On May 27, 1999, Suharto submitted a special power of attorney to Attorney General AM Ghalib to scrutinize his fortune in Switzerland and Austria, as reported by Time Magazine. On June 2, 1999, Suharto filed a Time Magazine to the National Police HQ for allegedly defamatory reporting. Suharto demanded compensation of about 27 billion US dollars.
Suharto has and chaired the seven foundation, Yayasan Dana Sejahtera Mandiri, Supersemar, Yayasan Dharma Bhakti Social (Dharmais), Yayasan Karya Bhakti Endowment Fund (Dakab), Yayasan Amal Bhakti Pancasila Muslim, the Mutual Cooperation Fund Humanitarian Foundation, Foundation Trikora. In 1995, Suharto issued Presidential Decree No. 90 of 1995. The presidential decree urged entrepreneurs to contribute 2 percent of their profits to the Dana Mandiri Foundation.
The results of the investigation into the case of seven Soeharto foundations resulted in a 2,000-page file. This file contains the results of the examination of 134 witnesses of facts and 9 expert witnesses, along with hundreds of authentic documents resulting from the seizure of two teams ever established by the Attorney General, since 1999.
According to Transparency International, Suharto embezzled the money with the most amount compared to other world leaders in history with an estimated 15-35 billion US dollars. During his 32-year reign.
On May 12, 2006, coinciding with the commemoration Sewindu Trisakti, Attorney General Abdul Rahman Saleh issued a statement that it had issued Decree Termination of Prosecution (SKPP) case mantan Presiden Suharto, the contents of which halted the prosecution of alleged corruption of former President Suharto in seven foundation had to The reason for the physical and mental condition of the defendant is not suitable to be brought to trial. The SKPP was issued by the South Jakarta District Court on May 11, 2006, but the SKPP was declared invalid by the South Jakarta District Court on June 12, 2006.
Politics
As the president of Indonesia for more than 30 years, Soeharto has greatly influenced the history of Indonesia. With the taking over of power from Soekarno, Suharto with the support of the United States eradicated communism and forbade the formation of a communist party. He established East Timor as the 27th province (at the time) as well because of his concern that the Fretilin party (Frente Revolucinaria De Timor Leste Independente / communist-communist party) would rule there if left free. This has resulted in Swallowed hundreds of thousands of civilian casualties. The authoritarian system that Soeharto underwent during his reign made him popularly known as "Bapak", which in the long run caused the decision-making in the House at that time called connotatively by the Indonesian people as the "ABS "Or" The Origin of Your Father "Health
To control the population of Indonesia, Suharto started a Family Planning campaign that encouraged each couple to have enough 2 children. This is done to avoid the population explosion which can lead to various problems, ranging from hunger, disease to environmental damage.Field of education
In the field of education Suharto pioneered the Compulsory Learning project which aims to increase the average graduate school level of Indonesian children. Initially, the project freed students of basic education from tuition (Education Financing Contribution) so that children from poor families can also attend school. It was later developed into a 9-year Compulsory Study.Dead
On January 27, 2008 at 13:10 pm, Suharto died at Pertamina Central Jakarta Hospital. Then at around 14:35, the body of former President Soeharto departed from RSPP to residence at Jalan Cendana number 8, Menteng, Jakarta. Ambulances carrying Pak Harto's body are accompanied by a number of family vehicles and relatives and bodyguards. A number of journalists pushed closer as the motorcade moved toward Jalan Cendana, resulting in a television journalist hit.Along Jalan Tanjung and Jalan Cendana thousands of people welcome the accompaniment of vehicles carrying Pak Harto's body. The series of vehicles carrying the body of former President Soeharto entered Jalan Cendana, at around 14:55, Sunday (27/1).
President Susilo Bambang Yudhoyono, accompanied by Vice President Jusuf Kalla and several ministers who were attending a limited cabinet meeting on food security, held a press conference for 3 minutes and 28 seconds at the Presidential Office, Jakarta, Sunday (27/1). President expressed his deep condolences on the death of former Indonesian President Haji Muhammad Soeharto.
Sunday afternoon at 16.00 pm, President Soesilo Bambang Yudhoyono and Vice President Jusuf Kalla, first mourned to Cendana.
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