The Special Capital Region of Jakarta (DKI Jakarta) is the capital city of the country and largest city in Indonesia. Jakarta is the only city in Indonesia that has a provincial level status. Jakarta is located on the northwest coast of Java Island. Formerly once known by several names among them Sunda Kelapa, Jayakarta, and Batavia. In the international world Jakarta also has the nickname J-Town, or more popularly The Big Durian because it is considered comparable city of New York City (Big Apple) in Indonesia.
Jakarta has an area of about 661.52 km² (oceans: 6,977.5 km²), with a population of 10,187,595 inhabitants (2011). The metropolitan area of Jakarta (Jabodetabek) with a population of about 28 million people, is the largest metropolitan in Southeast Asia or second in the world.
As a business center, politics and culture, Jakarta is home to the headquarters of state-owned enterprises, private companies and foreign companies. The city is also the seat of government institutions and the ASEAN secretariat office. Jakarta is served by two airports, namely Soekarno-Hatta Airport and Halim Perdanakusuma Airport, and three seaports in Tanjung Priok, Sunda Kelapa, and Ancol.
History of Jakarta
Etymology
The name Jakarta has been used since the Japanese occupation of 1942, to refer to the former territory of Gemeente Batavia which was inaugurated by the Dutch East Indies government in 1905. The name is considered an abbreviation of the word Jayakarta (Dewanagari), which was given by the Demak and Cirebon people under the leadership of Fatahillah (Faletehan) after attacking and occupying the port of Sunda Kelapa on June 22, 1527. The name is usually translated as "city of victory" or "city of glory", but actually means "victory achieved by an act or effort".
Another form of spelling of this city name has long been used. The Portuguese historian João de Barros, in Décadas da Ásia (1553) mentions the existence of "Xacatara by another name Caravam (Karawang)". A document (charter) of Banten (k 1600) which Van der Tuuk's epigraphist read has also called the term wong Jaketra, as well as the name Jaketra is also mentioned in the letters of Sultan Banten and Sajarah Banten (pupil 45 and 47) as Hoessein Djajadiningrat. Report of Cornelis de Houtman in 1596 called Prince Wijayakrama as koning van Jacatra (king of Jakarta).
Sunda Kelapa (397-1527)
Jakarta was first known as one of the Sunda Kingdom ports named Sunda Kalapa, located at the mouth of the Ciliwung River. The capital of Sunda Kingdom known as Dayeuh Pakuan Padjadjaran or Pajajaran (now Bogor) can be reached from the port of Sunda Kalapa for two days of travel. According to Portuguese sources, Sunda Kalapa is one of the ports owned by the Sunda Kingdom besides the ports of Banten, Pontang, Cigede, Tamgara and Cimanuk. Sunda Kalapa which is called Kalapa is considered the most important port because it can be reached from the royal capital called Dayo (in modern Sundanese: dayeuh meaning "capital") within two days. The Kingdom of Sunda itself is a continuation of the Kingdom of Tarumanagara in the 5th century so that the port is estimated to have existed since the 5th century and is estimated to be the capital of Tarumanagara called Sundapura.
In the 12th century, the port was known as a busy pepper port. Foreign ships coming from China, Japan, South India and the Middle East have anchored in this port carrying items such as porcelain, coffee, silk, cloth, perfume, horses, grapes and dyes to be exchanged for spices - the spices that became a trading commodity at the time.
Jayakarta (1527-1619)
The Portuguese were the first Europeans to come to Jakarta. In the 16th century, Surawisesa, the king of Sunda, asked the Portuguese for help in Malacca to establish a fortress in Sunda Kelapa as protection from the possible attack of Cirebon that would separate itself from the Sunda Kingdom. The request for Surawisesa's assistance to the Portuguese in Malacca was perpetuated by the Sundanese in the pantun seloka Mundinglaya Dikusumah story, where Surawisesa was renamed by the title of Mundinglaya. But before the founding of the fort was done, Demak-assisted Cirebon directly attacked the port. The Sundanese call this event a tragedy, because the attack destroys the port city and kills many Sundanese people there including the port syahbandar. The determination of the anniversary of Jakarta on 22 June by Sudiro, the mayor of Jakarta, in 1956 was based on the tragedy of the occupation of the Sunda Kalapa port by Fatahillah in 1527. Fatahillah renamed the city to Jayakarta which means "city of victory".Next Sunan Gunung Jati from the Sultanate of Cirebon, handed over the government in Jayakarta to his son Maulana Hasanuddin from Banten who became sultan in the Sultanate of Banten.
Batavia (1619-1942)
The Dutch came to Jayakarta around the end of the 16th century, after a stopover in Banten in 1596. Jayakarta at the beginning of the 17th century was ruled by Prince Jayakarta, one of the relatives of the Sultanate of Banten. In 1619, the VOC led by Jan Pieterszoon Coen occupied Jayakarta after defeating the Sultanate of Banten troops and later changed its name to Batavia. During the Dutch colonialization, Batavia developed into a large and important city. (See Batavia). For the construction of the city, the Dutch imported many slaves as workers. Most of them are from Bali, Sulawesi, Maluku, China, and the coast of Malabar, India. Some argue that they are the ones who then formed a community known as the Betawi tribe. At that time Batavia's area covered only the area now known as Kota Tua in North Jakarta. Before the arrival of the slaves, there are already Sundanese people who live in the Jayakarta region like the Jatinegara Kaum community. While the tribes of ethnic immigrants, in the days of Dutch colinialism, forming their respective community areas. So in Jakarta there are areas of the former community such as Chinatown, Pekojan, Kampung Melayu, Kampung Bandan, Kampung Ambon, Kampung Bali, and Manggarai.
On October 9, 1740, riots broke out in Batavia with the killing of 5,000 Chinese. With the onslaught of the riots, many Chinese people fled the city and fought against the Dutch. With the completion of Koningsplein (Gambir) in 1818, Batavia grew southward. April 1, 1905 in the Capital of Batavia formed two municipalities or gemeente, namely Gemeente Batavia and Meester Cornelis. In 1920, the Dutch built the park city of Menteng, and this region became a new place for Dutch officials to replace Molenvliet in the north. In 1935, Batavia and Meester Cornelis (Jatinegara) were integrated into a territory of Greater Jakarta.
On January 1, 1926 the Dutch East Indies government issued a regulation for the renewal of a wider decentralization and deconcentration system. On the island of Java a provincial autonomous government was established. Provincie West Java was the first province established in Java which was inaugurated by a decree dated January 1, 1926, and enacted in the State Gazette of 1926. 326, 1928 No. 27 jo No. 28, 1928 No. 438, and 1932 No. 507. Batavia became one of residency in Provincie West Java beside Banten, Buitenzorg (Bogor), Priangan, and Cirebon.
Djakarta (Jakaruta Tokubetsu Shi) (1942-1945)
The occupation by the Japanese began in 1942 and renamed Batavia to Djakarta to appeal to the population in World War II. This city is also the site of the Proclamation of Independence of the Republic of Indonesia on August 17, 1945 and occupied the Netherlands until the recognition of sovereignty in 1949.
Jakarta (1945-present)
Since independence until before 1959, Djakarta is a part of West Java Province. In 1959, the status of Djakarta City underwent a change from a township under the mayor upgraded to a first tier (Dati I) led by the governor. The first governor was Soemarno Sosroatmodjo, an army doctor. The appointment of the Governor of DKI at that time was done directly by President Sukarno. In 1961, Djakarta's status was changed from Level One Region to Special Capital Region (DKI) and its governor remained in place by Sumarno.
Since declared as the capital city, the population of Jakarta jumped very rapidly due to the need of almost all government workforce centered in Jakarta. Within 5 years the population doubled more than twice. Various pockets of new middle class settlements later developed, such as Kebayoran Baru, Cempaka Putih, Pulo Mas, Tebet, and Pejompongan. Settlement centers are also built independently by various state ministries and institutions such as Perum Perumnas.
During the reign of Sukarno, Jakarta undertook the construction of large projects, including Gelora Bung Karno, Istiqlal Mosque, and National Monument. At this time also Poros Medan Merdeka-Thamrin-Sudirman began to be developed as a business center of the city, replacing the axis of Medan Merdeka-Senen-Salemba-Jatinegara. The first major private settlement center created by private developers was Pondok Indah (by PT Pembangunan Jaya) in the late 1970s in South Jakarta.
The rate of development of this population had tried to be suppressed by the governor Ali Sadikin in the early 1970s by declaring Jakarta as a "closed city" for migrants. This policy can not work and be forgotten in the later governing period of governor. Until now, Jakarta still has to wrestle with the problems that occur due to population density, such as floods, congestion, and lack of adequate public transportation.
In May 1998, there was a riot in Jakarta that took the lives of many ethnic Chinese. MPR / DPR building was occupied by students who wanted reform. The aftermath of this riot is President Suharto's decline from the presidency.
Economics
Jakarta is a city with a fairly rapid rate of economic growth. Currently, more than 70% of state money circulates in Jakarta. Jakarta's economy is mainly supported by the trade, services, property, creative industries and finance sectors. Some of the trading centers in Jakarta, where the velocity of money is big enough is Tanah Abang and Glodok. Both these areas are each the center of textile trade as well as with the circulation throughout Indonesia. Even for textile goods from Tanah Abang, many also become export commodities. As for the financial sector, which gives a big contribution to the economy of Jakarta is the banking industry and capital markets. For the capital market industry, in May 2013 the Indonesia Stock Exchange was listed as the largest profit exchange after the Tokyo Stock Exchange. In the same month, the market capitalization of the Indonesia Stock Exchange reached USD 510.98 billion or the second highest in ASEAN.
In 2012, the income per capita of the Jakarta community is Rp 110.46 million per year (USD 12,270). As for the upper middle class with an income of Rp 240.62 million per year (USD 26,735), reaching 20% of the total population. Here also live more than half of rich people in Indonesia with a minimum income of USD 100,000 per year. Their wealth is mainly supported by a significant rise in stock and property prices. Currently, Jakarta is the city with the highest growth rate of luxury property prices in the world, reaching 38.1%. In addition to residential luxury, Jakarta's property growth is also supported by the sale and rental of office space. In the period 2009-2012, construction of skyscrapers (above 150 meters) in Jakarta reached 87.5%. This has placed Jakarta as one of the fastest growing skyscraper cities in the world. By 2020, it is estimated that the number of skyscrapers in Jakarta will reach 250 units. And at that time Jakarta has had the tallest building in Southeast Asia with an altitude of 638 meters (The Signature Tower).
Transportation
In DKI Jakarta, there is a network of highways and toll roads serving the entire city, but the number of cars with the number of roads is very lame (5-10% with 4-5%).
According to data from Jakarta Transportation Agency, there are 46 areas with 100 points of traffic jams in Jakarta. The definition of traffic jam is unstable, low speed and long queue. In addition to the citizens of Jakarta, congestion is also exacerbated by the commuters from cities around Jakarta such as Depok, Bekasi, Tangerang, and Bogor who work in Jakarta. In the city, traffic jams can be seen on Jalan Sudirman, Jalan Thamrin, Jalan Rasuna Said, Satrio Street, and Jalan Gatot Subroto. Congestion often occurs in the morning and afternoon, ie at the time of going and going home office.
Transjakarta lane map.
To serve the mobility of Jakarta residents, the government provides PPD bus facilities. In addition there are also city buses run by private parties, such as Mayasari Bhakti, Metro Mini, Kopaja, and Bianglala. These buses serve routes connecting the inner city terminals, such as Pulogadung, Kampung Rambutan, Blok M, Kalideres, Grogol, Tanjung Priok, Lebak Bulus, Rawamangun and Kampung Melayu. For environmental transport, there are urban transport such as Mikrolet and KWK, with the route from the terminal to the environment around the terminal. In addition there are also ojek, bajaj, and bemo for short haul. Unlike other areas in Jakarta that use motorcycles, in the area of Tanjung Priok and Jakarta Kota, motorcycle riders use bicycle ontel. Pedicab transportation is still common in the outskirts of Jakarta such as in Bekasi, Tangerang, and Depok.
DKI Jakarta Provincial Government has started the construction of subway and MRT Jakarta in 2013. The Lebak Bulus subway to the 15 km Hotel Indonesia roundabout is targeted to operate in 2017. The monorail railway line is also being prepared to serve the privately-funded Semanggi - Roxy line and the Kuningan - Cawang - Bekasi - Soekarno Hatta Airport which is funded by the central government. For railway tracks, the central government is preparing a double track on the Manggarai Cikarang railway track. In addition, a railway line from Manggarai to Soekarno-Hatta Airport in Cengkareng is currently being built.
Transjakarta
Since 2004, the Government of DKI Jakarta has presented a public transportation service known as TransJakarta. This service uses an air conditioned bus and a stop that is on a special line. There are currently twelve Transjakarta corridors in operation:
Corridor 1 Blok M - Kota
Corridor 1 Blok M - Kota
Corridor 2 Pulogadung - Harmony
Corridor 3 Kalideres - New Market
Corridor 4 Pulogadung - Dukuh Atas
Corridor 5 Kampung Melayu - Ancol
Corridor 6 Ragunan - Latuharhary - Dukuh Atas
Corridor 7 Kampung Rambutan - Kampung Melayu
Corridor 8 Lebak Bulus - Harmoni
Corridor 9 Pluit - Pinang Ranti
Corridor 10 Cililitan - Tanjung Priok
Corridor 11 Kampung Melayu - Pulo Gebang
Corridor 12 Pluit - Tanjung Priok
Electric trains
In addition to city buses, city transportation, tricycles and Transjakarta buses, the mainstay of public transportation Jakarta is an electric train or commonly known as the Jabotabek KRL. This electric train operates from morning until evening, serving the community of commuters who reside in around Jabodetabek. There are several lines of electric train, ie
Red Line Jakarta Kota - Bogor, through Gambir, Manggarai, Pasar Minggu, and Depok.
Jingga Path Bogor - Jatinegara / Nambo - Duri, via Manggarai, Tanah Abang, Kampung Bandan and Pasar Senen.
Blue Line Jakarta Kota - Bekasi, through Gambir, Manggarai, and Jatinegara.
Tanah Abang - Maja Green Line, through Kebayoran Lama and Serpong.
Duri Chocolate Line - Tangerang, through Rawa Buaya.
Pink Line Jakarta City - Tanjung Priok Port. Currently can be used for Commuter Line and Goods transport.
River transport
River transport, or more popularly known as "Waterways", is an alternative transport system through rivers in Jakarta, Indonesia. The transportation system was inaugurated by the Governor of DKI Jakarta Sutiyoso on June 6, 2007. This system is part of the arrangement of transportation system in Jakarta called Macro Transportation Pattern (PTM). In PTM it is mentioned that the direction of arranging the transportation system is the integration of several transportation models which include Bus Rapid Transit (BRT), Light Rapid Transit (LRT), Mass Rapid Transit (MRT), and Waterways Transports.
Waterways began to be operated and integrated into Jakarta's macro transportation after the launch of the 1.7 kilometer Halimun-Karet route by Governor Sutiyoso on June 6, 2007. This route is part of the 3.6 kilometer Manggarai-Karet route planning. Waterways is a continuation of the operation of TransJakarta transportation system. To initiate Waterways, DKI Jakarta Provincial Transportation Department operates two units of vessels each with a capacity of 28 people called KM Grouper III and KM Grouper IV with a maximum speed of 8 knots.
Infrastructure
As one of the world's metropolitan cities, Jakarta already has supporting infrastructure such as roads, electricity, telecommunications, clean water, gas, fiber optics, airports and ports. Currently the ratio of roads in Jakarta reaches 6.2% of the total area. [26] In addition to protocol roads, economic roads and environmental roads, Jakarta is also supported by the Ring Road network, Outer Ring Toll Road, Jagorawi Toll Road, and Ulujami-Serpong Toll Road. The government also plans to build a second phase of Outer Toll Road that surrounds Jakarta from Soekarno Hatta Airport-Tangerang-Serpong-Cinere-Cimanggis-Cibitung-Tanjung Priok.
To other cities in Java Island, Jakarta is connected to Jakarta-Cikampek Toll Road which is connected with Cipularang Toll Road to Bandung and Cipali Toll Road to Cirebon. There is also a train service that departs from six departure stations in Jakarta. To go to Sumatra Island, available Jakarta-Merak Toll Road section which then continued with the service crossing from Merak to Bakauheni Port.
For out of the island and abroad, Jakarta has one seaport in Tanjung Priok and the airport:
Soekarno-Hatta International Airport in Tanggerang, Banten serving international and domestic flights.
Halim Perdanakusuma Airport which serves a lot to serve the airline and domestic flights
For the provision of clean water, Jakarta is currently served by two companies, namely PT. Aetra Air Jakarta for the area east of Ciliwung River, and PT. PAM Lyonnaise Jaya (PALYJA) for the area west of the Ciliwung River. By 2015, the two companies are capable of supplying clean water to 60% of Jakarta's population.
Population
Based on BPS data in 2011, Jakarta's population is 10,187,595 inhabitants. However, during the day, that number can increase with the arrival of workers from satellite cities such as Bekasi, Tangerang, Bogor, and Depok.
Religion
Religion embraced by the population of Jakarta is diverse. According to government data of DKI in 2014, the composition of religious adherents in this city is Islam (83.30%), Protestant Christianity (8.62%), Catholic (4.04%), Hindu (1.2%), and Buddhist (3.82%) [28] The number of Buddhists is seen more because Confucians are also included in it. This figure is not much different from the situation in 1980, where Muslims numbered 84.4%, followed by Protestants (6.3%), Catholics (2.9%), Hinduism and Buddhism (5.7%), and No religion (0.3%). According to Cribb, in 1971 the Confucian religion was relatively 1.7%. In 1980 and 2005, the census of the population did not record the religion held in addition to the six recognized religions.
Various places of worship of world religions can be found in Jakarta. Mosques and mushala, as houses of worship of Muslims, are scattered throughout the city, even in almost every neighborhood. The largest mosque is the national mosque, Istiqlal Mosque, located in Gambir. Other important mosques include Al-Azhar Grand Mosque in Kebayoran Baru, At Tin Mosque in Taman Mini, and Sunda Kelapa Mosque in Menteng.
While the big churches in Jakarta, among others, the Cathedral Church of Jakarta, Church of Santa Theresia in Menteng, and the Church of St. James in Kelapa Gading for the Catholics. Still in the neighborhood, there is the Immanuel Church building opposite Gambir Station for Protestant Christians. In addition, there is Koinonia Church in Jatinegara, Sion Church in Jakarta Kota, Toraja Christian Church in Kelapa Gading, North Jakarta.
For Hindus living in Jakarta and its surroundings, there is Pura Adhitya Jaya located in Rawamangun, East Jakarta, and Segara Temple in Cilincing, North Jakarta. Buddhist temples include the Dhammacakka Jaya Temple in Sunter, the Theravada Buddhist Temple in Kelapa Gading, and Silaparamitha Vihara in Cipinang Jaya. As for the Confucians there is Jin Tek Yin Temple. Jakarta also has one synagogue used by foreign Jewish workers.
Ethnicity
Based on the 2000 population census, it was noted that the population of Jakarta amounted to 8.3 million people, consisting of 35.16% Javanese, Betawi (27.65%), Sundanese (15.27%), Chinese (5.53%) Batak (3.61%), Minangkabau (3.18%), Malay (1.62%), Bugis (0.59%), Madura (0.57%), Banten (0.25%), and Banjar (0.1%).
The population and ethnic composition of Jakarta, always changing from year to year. Based on the 2000 population census, it was noted that there are at least seven major ethnic groups inhabiting Jakarta. The Javanese are the largest ethnic group with a population of 35.16% of the city's population. The Betawi ethnic group is 27.65% of the city's population. Jakarta's rapid development since the early 1970s has largely displaced the ethnic Betawi villages to the outskirts of the city. In 1961, Betawi people still formed the largest percentage in the periphery areas such as Cengkareng, Kebon Jeruk, Pasar Minggu, and Pulo Gadung.
The number of Javanese is mostly in Jakarta due to the imbalance of development between the regions and Jakarta. So the Javanese are looking for jobs in Jakarta. This raises the tradition of going home every year as Lebaran approaches that people in Jakarta go home simultaneously to their area of origin. The largest number of Lebaran mudik from Jakarta is to Central Java. In detail the prediction number of homecomers year 2104 to Central Java reached 7,893,681 people. Of that number are based on several categories, namely 2,023,451 motorcyclists, 2,136,138 people riding in cars, 3,426,702 people on buses, 192,219 people on trains, 26,836 on board ships, and 88,335 people aboard. Even according to data from the Ministry of Transportation Indonesia shows the purpose of travelers from Jakarta is 61% Central Java, 39% East Java and 10% other areas.Judging from the profession, 28% of travelers are private employees, 27% entrepreneurs, 17% civil servants / military / police, 10% students, 9% housewives and 9% other professions. According to the income of travelers, 44% earned Rp3-5 million, 42% earned Rp1-3 million, 10% earned Rp5-10 million, 3% earned less than Rp 1 million and 1% earning above Rp10 million.
The Chinese have been present in Jakarta since the 17th century. They used to live clustered in areas of settlement known as Chinatown. Chinatown or Kampung Cina can be found in Glodok, Pinangsia and Jatinegara, in addition to new housing in Kelapa Gading, Pluit, and Sunter areas. Chinese people work as entrepreneurs or traders. Besides ethnic Chinese, ethnic Minangkabau also many who trade, including wholesale and retail trade in the traditional markets of Jakarta.
Communities from Eastern Indonesia, especially ethnic Bugis, Makassar, and Ambon, are concentrated in the Tanjung Priok area. In this region too, there are still many people of Portuguese descent, as well as people who come from Luzon, Philippines.
Geography
Jakarta is located in the north of Java Island, at Ciliwung estuary, Jakarta Bay. Jakarta is located in the lowlands at an average height of 8 meters above sea level. This resulted in Jakarta often flooded. To the south of Jakarta is a mountainous area with high rainfall. Jakarta is passed by 13 rivers which all empty into Jakarta Bay. The most important river is Ciliwung, which divides the city into two. East and south of Jakarta borders the province of West Java and in the west by the province of Banten.
Kepulauan Seribu is an administrative district located in Jakarta Bay. Around 105 islands are located as far as 45 km (28 miles) north of the city.
Climate
Jakarta has a hot and dry air temperature or tropical climate. Located in the western part of Indonesia, Jakarta experienced the peak of the rainy season in January and February with an average rainfall of 350 millimeters with an average temperature of 27 ° C. Rainfall between January and early February is very high, at which time Jakarta is flooded every year, and the peak of the dry season in August with an average rainfall of 60 millimeters. September and early October are very hot days in Jakata, temperatures can reach 40 ° C. The average annual temperature ranges from 25 ° -38 ° C (77 ° -100 ° F).
Environment
Jakarta is one of the cleanest cities in Indonesia. One of the determinants of success is the existence of the area of Menteng and Kebayoran Baru are beautiful and clean.
In addition to Menteng and Kebayoran Baru, many other areas in Jakarta are clean and orderly. These settlements are usually developed by private developers, and become the residence of middle-class society. Pondok Indah, Kelapa Gading, Pulo Mas, and Cempaka Putih, are some clean and regular settlement areas. But in some other areas of Jakarta, there are still unorganized slums. This slum is a village with a high population density, as well as the number of houses built in coinciding in the narrow alleys. Some areas in Jakarta that have high population density are Tanjung Priok, Johar Baru, Pademangan, Sawah Besar and Tambora.
City Park
Jakarta has many city parks that serve as water catchment areas. Monas Park or Taman Medan Merdeka is the largest park located in the heart of Jakarta. In the middle of the park stands the National Monument built in 1963. This open garden was created by Governor-General Herman Willem Daendels (1870) and completed in 1910 under the name Koningsplein. In this park there are several deer and 33 trees that symbolize 33 provinces in Indonesia.
Taman Suropati is located in Menteng sub-district, Central Jakarta. This 16,322 m2 oval-shaped garden, surrounded by some ancient Dutch buildings. In the park there are several modern statues of works by ASEAN artists, who give another title for the park, namely "ASEAN artist friendship park".
Taman Lapangan Banteng is another park located in Gambir, Central Jakarta. The extent of about 4.5 ha. Here is the West Irian Liberation Monument. In the 1970s, the park was used as a bus terminal. Then in 1993, the park was re-converted into public spaces, recreational areas, and also sometimes as a place of performing arts.
Government
The legal basis for DKI Jakarta is the Law of the Republic of Indonesia Number 29 Year 2007, concerning the Provincial Government of the Special Capital Region of Jakarta as the capital of the Unitary State of the Republic of Indonesia. This Act replaces Law No. 34 of 1999 on the Provincial Government of the Special Capital City of the Republic of Indonesia Jakarta and Law Number 11 Year 1990 on the Composition of the Special Capital City Government of the Republic of Indonesia of Jakarta, both of which are no longer valid.
DKI Jakarta has a special status as a Special Capital Region at the provincial level and headed by a governor. In contrast to other provinces, DKI Jakarta has only a subdivision of five administrative municipalities and one administrative district, which means it has no individual representatives.
Embassy
In Jakarta there are 77 embassies of friendly countries. Most of these embassies are located in Jakarta's business district. Several embassies of friendly countries were threatened by bombs, namely the Australian Embassy and the Philippine Embassy. The embassies of the United States, Britain and Malaysia often serve as protest venues, protesting against the country's international policies.
Education
DKI Jakarta provides educational facilities from kindergarten to college. The quality of education also varies greatly from luxury buildings with air conditioning to a simple one.
Lately there have been schools with curriculum absorbed from other countries such as Singapore and Australia. Other schools with an Indonesian curriculum also appear with different teaching methods, such as the Integrated Islamic Primary School. In addition to schools established by the government, many schools are developed by private parties, such as Al-Azhar, Muhammadiyah, BPK Penabur, Kanisius College, Don Bosco, Tarakanita, Pangudi Luhur, Santa Ursula, Regina Pacis and Marsudirini.
Tourism
Jakarta is one of the good tourist destinations in Indonesia. To increase the number of tourists visiting Jakarta, the government held the program "Enjoy Jakarta". Some of the famous tourist spots and commonly visited by local and foreign tourists are Taman Mini Indonesia Indah, Pulau Seribu, Ragunan Zoo and Taman Impian Jaya Ancol (including Fantasy World and Seaworld Indonesia). Besides, Jakarta also has many historical sights, namely in the form of museums and monuments. Among them are the Elephant Museum, the Fatahillah Museum, and the National Monument. In addition to adequate tourist attractions, currently in Jakarta has been available about 219 star hotels, 3117 restaurants, and 40 meeting halls. Almost all world-class hotel chains have opened outlets in Jakarta, such as JW Marriott Jakarta, The Ritz-Carlton Jakarta, Shangri-La Hotel, and Grand Hyatt Jakarta.
Shopping tour
In order to create Jakarta as a shopping destination city, every June-July the government holds a "Jakarta Great Sale" program. This program is held in shopping centers located in Jakarta. To realize Jakarta as a superior shopping destination, the government is currently developing the Casablanca-Satrio axis as a shopping spindle. In this axis, there are several shopping centers for various segments, namely Ambassador Mall, ITC Kuningan, Ciputra World Jakarta, Kuningan City, and Kota Kasablanka. Not far away also stands Plaza Festival, one of the culinary centers that offer typical foods of Jakarta.
Markets and shopping centers
Jakarta has market names according to the name of the day of the week. But from the names of the day included Sunday Market, Pasar Senen, Pasar Rebo, and Pasar Jumat, and now the name of a region. Meanwhile, the Market Tuesday, the Market Thursday, and Saturday Market, no longer heard, supposedly due to invincible by the name of the region. The name of the market is associated with the name of the day because in its history, the activity in that market is done on a certain day. For example, called Pasar Senen because the activity in the market was always done every Monday. Now the name becomes a sub-district in Central Jakarta.
In the Colonial archives, the market was first established by a Dutch bloody landlord named Justin Vinck in the south of the Batavian Castle in the 1730s. The market was named "Vincke Passer" which is currently known as Pasar Senen. Vincke Passer is the first market to apply the system of buying and selling by using money as a means of buying and selling legitimate.
Then entered in the 19th century or in 1801, the VOC government gave a policy in licensing the market to build landlords. But with established market regulations differentiated by the day. Vincke Passer is open every Monday, so indigenous people often refer to Vincke Passer as "Pasar Senen" and until now the name is still attached until it is immortalized into a regional name.
In addition to Vincke Passer which is open on Monday, there is also a market that opens Tuesday, "Pasar Koja", the market open every Wednesday is Pasar Rebo which is now "Kramat Jati Parent Market". Then the market open every Thursday is Mester Passer which is now called "Pasar Jatinegara". Furthermore there are several markets open on Fridays, such as "Lebakbulus Market", "Pasar Klender", and "Pasar Cimanggis".
For Saturday Market, or a Saturday market is "Tanah Abang Market". While Pasar Minggu or formerly known as "Tanjung Oost Passer" open on Sunday. This difference in market operation is done by VOC with security reasons and factors to facilitate people in visiting and more familiar with a market. But the policy of the coming into effect of the market day is not long. Because since the VOC went bankrupt due to many corrupt officials, the Dutch government in Batavia was taken over by the Dutch East Indies. Since the days of the Dutch East Indies, the regulation of market days was no longer valid, until most markets were open every day, even though it had bears the name of the day as the market name.
In the Dutch East Indies era at the end of the 19th century is a lot of emerging new markets more modern, such as Pasar Baru and Glodok Market. The markets that emerged in the era of the late 19th century until the beginning of the 20th century became the inspiration of the birth of supermarkets as well as malls.
Since the beginning of 1980, the Government of DKI Jakarta intensively built modern shopping centers, or commonly known as malls and plazas. Today, Jakarta is one of Asia's many shopping centers. Some modern shopping centers in Jakarta have a large enough area (more than 100,000 m2). In the shopping centers are present various international franchises such as Starbucks, Sogo, McDonalds fast food chain restaurant. In addition, the national franchise companies also fill the space of these shopping centers, such as Es Teler 77, J.Co and Bakmie Gajah Mada.
In addition to the luxury shopping centers, Jakarta also has many traditional markets and wholesale trade centers such as ITC Cempaka Mas, ITC Mangga Dua, ITC Roxy Mas, Pasar Senen and Tanah Abang Market. In addition, there are also hypermarkets that become middle-class shopping trends in Jakarta, including Carrefour, Hypermart, Giant, Lotte Mart, and Ranch Market. For smaller environments, there is also a shopping center for everyday needs at an affordable price, such as Indomaret and Alfamart. In Jakarta there is also a market that sells unique and antique goods, such as in Surabaya Market and Rawabening Market.
Culture
The culture of Jakarta is a mestizo culture, or a mixture of cultures of various ethnicities. Since the Dutch era, Jakarta is the capital of Indonesia which attracts migrants from within and outside the archipelago. The tribes inhabiting Jakarta, among others, Java, Sunda, Minang, Batak, and Bugis. Apart from the inhabitants of the archipelago, Jakarta culture is also absorbed from many foreign cultures, such as Arabic, Chinese, Indian and Portuguese.
Jakarta is an area of urbanization of various races in the world and various ethnic groups in Indonesia, for it required a language of communication commonly used in the trade of Malay language. Sundanese-speaking indigenous people eventually use the Malay language.
However, there are still many regional names and river names that are still preserved in Sundanese such as Ancol, Pancoran, Cilandak, Ciliwung, Cideng, and others that are still in accordance with the naming described in the ancient manuscripts of Bujangga Manik this is stored in the Bodleian library, Oxford, England.
Although the formal language used in Jakarta is Indonesian, the informal language or the daily conversation language is Malay dialect Betawi. For indigenous peoples in Kampung Jatinegara Kaum, they still firmly use their ancestral language that is Sundanese language.
Regional languages are also used by residents from other regions, such as Java, Sunda, Minang, Batak, Madura, Bugis, English and Chinese. This is so because Jakarta is where tribes meet. To communicate between various ethnic groups, used Bahasa Indonesia.
In addition, there is also a slang language that grows among young people with words that are sometimes mixed with a foreign language. English is the most widely used foreign language, especially for diplomatic, educational, and business purposes. Mandarin is also a widely used foreign language, especially among Chinese businesspeople.
Food
Jakarta is an international city that serves many typical food from around the world. In areas where foreign expatriates, such as in Menteng, Kemang, Pondok Indah and the central business districts of Jakarta, it is not difficult to find specialties from Europe, China, Japan and Korea. These foods are usually sold in fancy restaurants.
In Jakarta, and like other cities in Indonesia, Rumah Makan Padang is the most common restaurant. Almost in every corner of the city, easily found a restaurant that serves this Minangkabau origin cuisine. In addition to Minang Cuisine, Jakarta also has its own specialties. The most famous are Kerak Telor, Soto Betawi, Ape Cake, Roti Buaya, Combro, and Rice Uduk. As a place to live ethnic variety in Indonesia, here also can be found various kinds of traditional food from other regions, such as Rawon, Rujak Cingur, and Kupang Lontong. In Jakarta there are also Warung Tegal there are more than 34,000 stalls in Jabodetabek.
Sports
Since the time of President Soekarno until now, Jakarta has often been the venue for the holding of international sporting events, including hosting the Asian Games in 1962, as well as the upcoming 2018 Asian Games, together with Palembang. Asian Cup in 2007 and several times to host the Games of Southeast Asian Nations or better known as the Sea Games. The majority of Jakarta people love to exercise. Football is a branch of the game that many people in demand, in addition to badminton, volleyball, and basketball. Jakarta has several professional football clubs. Among Persija Jakarta currently competing in the Super League Indonesia 2015 and Persitara North Jakarta, which currently compete in the competition Nusantara League 2015.
Sports venues in Jakarta include: Gelora Bung Karno Senayan in Central Jakarta; Lebak Bulus Stadium, Bulungan GOR, Pondok Indah Golf Course, Matoa Golf Course, and GOR Soemantri Brodjonegoro Kuningan in South Jakarta; Tugu Stadium, Kamal Stadium, Kelapa Gading Basketball Hall, Ancol Golf Course, and Kelapa Gading Sports Mall in North Jakarta; Rawa Mangun Customs Stadium, Rawa Mangun Golf Course, Pulo Mas Race, and DKI Radin Inten Gymnastics Building in East Jakarta.
Problems Social
Like most megapolitan cities, cities with a population of over 10 million, Jakarta has stress, crime, and poverty issues. The deviation of land use and the privatization of land has depleted the supply of urban parks, thus increasing the stress level of Jakarta residents. Traffic congestion, decreased social interaction due to individualistic lifestyles are also a cause of stress. Non-participatory and non-humane urban spatial lay spaces of invasive spaces that invite criminal acts. The eviction of poor villages and the displacement of informal business by the DKI government is an active cause of poverty in Jakarta.
Flood
Uncontrolled development in the downstream area, deviations of the land allotment of the city, and the decline of land due to industrial water exploitation, led to a decrease in river water supply capacity, leading to massive flooding in Jakarta.
Spatial layout is often changing, causing air pollution and flooding is difficult to control. Although the government has established the southern area of Jakarta as a watershed, the provisions are often violated with the continuing construction of new housing and business centers. Several areas are reserved for settlements, many of which turn function into commercial places.
To improve the situation, Jakarta built two canal floods, namely East Canal Flood and West Canal Flood. The East Canal Flood diverts water from Cipinang to the east, through Pondok Bambu, Pondok Kopi, Cakung, and Cilincing areas. While the West Canal Flood that has been built since the Dutch colonial era, flowing water through Rubber, Tanahabang, until Angke. In addition Jakarta also has two drainage, namely Cakung Drain and Cengkareng Drain.
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