Yogyakarta Special Region (Javanese: Dhaérah Istiméwa Ngayogyakarta) is a province-level Special Region in Indonesia which is a fusion of the Sultanate of Yogyakarta and the Paku Alaman State of Kadipaten. Yogyakarta Special Region is located in the southern part of Java Island, and is bordered by Central Java Province and Indian Ocean. The Special Region which has an area of 3,185.80 km2 consists of one municipality, and four districts, divided into 78 sub-districts, and 438 villages / kelurahan. According to the 2010 population census has a population of 3,452,390 inhabitants with the proportion of 1,705,404 men, and 1,746,986 women, and has a population density of 1,084 inhabitants per km2.
The mention of the nomenclature of Yogyakarta Special Region which is too long gives rise to nomenclature to DI Yogyakarta or DIY. Yogyakarta Special District is often associated with the city of Yogyakarta so that it is not exactly appropriate to be called Jogja, Yogya, Yogyakarta, Jogjakarta. Although geographically it is the second largest provincial level area after DKI Jakarta, this Special Region is renowned at national, and international level, especially as a mainstay tourist destination after Bali Province. Yogyakarta Special Region experienced several major natural disasters including earthquake on May 27, 2006, eruption of Mount Merapi during October-November 2010, and eruption of Mount Kelud, East Java on February 13, 2014.
History
Prior to independence, Yogyakarta was a region which had its own government or called Zelfbestuurlandschappen / Swapraja Region, namely Ngayogyakarta Hadiningrat Sultanate and Kadipaten Pakualaman. Ngayogyakarta Hadiningrat Sultanate was founded by Pangeran Mangkubumi who held the title of Sultan Hamengku Buwono I in 1755, while Kadipaten Pakualaman was founded by Prince Notokusumo (Sultan Hamengku Buwono II's brother) who was titled Duke of Paku Alam I in 1813. The Dutch East Indies government recognized the Sultanate, and Pakualaman as the kingdom with the right to regulate its own household expressed in political contracts. The last political contract of the Sultanate was listed in Staatsblaad 1942 No. 47, while the political contract of Pakualaman in Staatsblaad 1941 Number 577. The existence of the two kingdoms has been recognized internationally, both during the Dutch, British, and Japanese colonial periods. When the Japanese left Indonesia, the two kingdoms were ready to become an independent, self-contained state, complete with its government system (territorial order), territory and population.
After the Proclamation of Independence of the Republic of Indonesia (RI), Sri Sultan Hamengkubuwana IX and Sri Paku Alam VIII stated to the President of the Republic of Indonesia that the Yogyakarta Sultanate, and the Pakualaman Region become the territory of the Republic of Indonesia, merged into a unity stated as Yogyakarta Special Region (DIY). Sri Sultan Hamengkubuwana IX and Sri Paku Alam VIII as Head of Region, and Deputy Head of Region directly responsible to President RI. It is stated in:
- The charter of the position of Sri Sultan Hamengku Buwono IX and Sri Paku Alam VIII dated 19 August 1945 from the President of the Republic of Indonesia.
- The mandate of Sri Sultan Hamengku Buwono IX and Sri Paku Alam VIII dated September 5, 1945 (made separately).
- The mandate of Sri Sultan Hamengkubuwono IX and Sri Paku Alam VIII dated 30 October 1945 (made in one manuscript).
In the next history, the position of DIY as an Autonomous Region at the provincial level in accordance with the intent of article 18 of the 1945 Constitution (before the amendment) is regulated by Law Number 22 Year 1948 on the Basic Law of Regional Government. As a follow-up then Daerah Istimewa Yogyakarta was established by Law No. 3/1950 on the Establishment of the Special Territory of Yogyakarta Government Regulation No. 31/1950 as amended and supplemented by Law No. 9/1955 (Statute Book of 1959 No. 71, Supplement to the State Gazette Number 1819) which is still valid. In the law stated DIY include Ngayogyakarta Hadiningrat Sultanate Region, and Regional Duchy of Pakualaman. In every law governing the Regional Government, the privilege of DIY is recognized, as stated in Act No. 32 of 2004.
In the history of the struggle to maintain the independence of the Unitary State of the Republic of Indonesia (NKRI), DIY has an important role. Proven on January 4, 1946 until December 27, 1949 [7] had been made as the Capital of the Republic of Indonesia. January 4, this is then set to become the city of Yogyakarta Republic City in 2010. At present Ngayogyakarta Sultanate led by Sri Sultan Hamengkubuwana X and Kadipaten Pakualaman led by Sri Paku Alam X who also served as Governor, and Vice Governor of DIY. Both play a decisive role in maintaining cultural values, and Javanese customs and unifying the people of Yogyakarta.
Geography
DIY is located in the central-southern part of Java Island, geographically located at 8º 30 '- 7º 20' South Latitude, and 109º40 '- 111º 0' East Longitude. Based on the landscape, the DIY region can be grouped into four physiographic units, namely the physiographic unit of Merapi Volcano, Sewu Mountain or Seribu Mountain physiography unit, Kulon Progo Mountain physiographic unit, and Lowland physiographic unit.
The physiographic unit of Mount Merapi volcano, ranging from volcanic cones to volcanic fluvial plains including volcanic landscape, includes Sleman, Yogyakarta City and parts of Bantul. The cone area, and the slopes of the volcano are the protected forest areas as the water catchment area of the subordinate areas. This landscape unit is located in northern Sleman. Mount Merapi which is an active volcano with special characteristics, has the attraction as the object of research, education, and tourism.
Karts dominates the earth's structure in the southern Gunungkidul region
The southern mountainous units or the Seribu Mountains, located in the Gunungkidul area, are limestone hills and barren karst landscapes, and a shortage of surface water, with the central part being a tectonically-developed Wonosari basin that forms Plato Wonosari (highlands Wonosari). This unit is a landscape of solusional (solvent) process, with limestone parent material, and has a shallow layer characteristics, and vegetation cover is very rare.
The Kulon Progo Mountain Unit, located in northern Kulon Progo, is a denudational structural landscape with hilly topography, steep slope, and small groundwater potential.
Lowland Unit, is a fluvial landscape (the result of river deposition process) dominated by alluvial plains, stretching in the southern part of DIY, from Kulon Progo to Bantul bordering the Seribu Mountains. This unit is a fertile area. Included in this unit is the unfired marine and eolin landscape, a coastal area stretching from Kulon Progo to Bantul. The Marin and eolin landscape in Parangtritis Bantul, famous for its sand dunes, is a natural laboratory for coastal landscape study.
Parangtritis Beach Plain
The physiographic conditions have an effect on the population distribution, the availability of infrastructure, and the means of the region, and the socio-economic activities of the population, as well as the development progress among the lame regions. The relatively flat areas, such as the fluvial plains covering Sleman, Yogyakarta and Bantul (particularly in the urban agglomeration of Yogyakarta) are areas of high population density, and have high intensity socio-economic activities, advanced, and growing.
Two major watersheds (DAS) in DIY are Progo waters in the west, and Opak-Oya watershed in the east. The famous rivers in DIY include Serang River, Progo River, Bedog River, Winongo River, Boyong-Code River, Gajah Wong River, Opak River, and Oya River.
Economics
The Special Economy of Yogyakarta includes investment sector; Industry, Trade, Cooperatives, and SMEs; Agriculture; Food security; Forestry, and Plantation; Fisheries, and Marine; Energy and Mineral Resources; as well as Tourism.
Investment and industry
Investment in DIY is implemented through promotion promotion program, investment cooperation and investment climate improvement program, and investment realization. Total investment achievement in 2010 reached Rp 4,580,972,827,244.00 with PMDN details of Rp 1,884,925,869,797.00 and PMA of 2,696,046,957,447,00. Business unit in DIY in 2010 there are about 78,122 units with employment of 292,625 people, and the investment value of Rp. 878.063.496.000,00
Trade and SMEs
Various DIY export products include leather, textile and wood products. Textile apparel and wooden furniture are products that have the highest export value. In general, however, exports to foreign countries are dominated by products produced with high artistic, creative, and labor intensive values. Development programs in developing cooperatives and SMEs in DIY, one of which is to empower micro, small and medium enterprises synergized with the program policies of the central government. One of the efforts of SME development is through a group (center) because this effort is more effective, and efficient, in addition to the center will involve many micro and small businesses. In 2010, there were 1,926 cooperatives active, and SMEs recorded 13,998 business units
Agriculture and forestry
Farmers' welfare level in agriculture sector in DIY as measured by NTP Farmer's Farmer's Exchange Rate (NTP) can be one indicator that shows the level of farmer's welfare in a region. In 2010 NTP was 112.74%. Food security is the most important part of fulfilling the right to food as well as one of the main pillars of human rights. In general, the availability of food in DIY is sufficient because it relates to the harvest season so that distribution arrangements are required by the government. Fulfilling the needs of fish in DIY can be met from capture fisheries and cultivation. For fisheries conducted through the development of Sadeng and Glagah fishery ports. Aquaculture production in 2010 reached 39,032 tons, and capture fisheries reached 4,906 tons, with fish consumption of 22.06 kg / kap / year.
The forests in DIY are dominated by production forests, most of which are located in the Gunungkidul Regency. Percentage of forest area in DIY in 2010 amounted to 5.87% with critical land rehabilitation of 9.93% and forest area damage of 4.94%. Plantation sector, in terms of production of potential plantations in DIY are coconut, and sugar cane. Plantation activities are prioritized in the context of planting crops meeting economies of scale as well as increasing production, productivity, and quality of crop products to increase farmers' income.
ESDM
Minerals or minerals in DIY are Galian C Materials which include, sand, gravel, limestone, calcite, kaolin, and zeolin and breccia. In addition to these Class C minerals, there is a Class A quarry in the form of Coal. This coal is very limited in number, as well as for Class B (Fe), Mangan (Mn), Barite (Ba), and Gold (Au) found in Kulon Progo Regency. In the field of electricity, especially electricity, oil and gas in DIY supplied by PT PLN and PT Pertamina.
Tourism
Geographically, DIY also benefits from the distance between affordable tourist locations, and is easy to take. The tourism sector is very significant to become the motor of DIY economic activity which generally relies on three main sectors namely: services; trade, hotels and restaurants; and agriculture. In this case tourism provides a real multiplier effect (multiplier effect) for the trade sector due to increased tourist visits. In addition, labor absorption, and donations to the regional economy are very significant.
Socio-cultural
Socio-cultural conditions in Yogyakarta Special Region include demography; Manpower and Transmigration; Social welfare; Health; Education; Culture; and Religious
Population and labor
Population growth rate in DIY between 2003-2007 was 135,915 people or an average annual increase of 1.1%. Life expectancy (UHH) population in DIY shows an increasing trend from 72.4 years in 2002 to 72.9 years in 2005. In terms of population distribution by age, there is an increasing trend in people aged over 60 .
The proportion of the distribution of the population on the basis of productive age has a consequence in the labor sector. The labor force in DIY in 2010 was 71.41%. In the economic sector that absorbed the largest labor is the agricultural sector and followed by other services sector. Sectors that are potential to be developed are tourism sector, trade sector, and industry, especially small and medium scale industries and handicrafts. Unemployment in DIY becomes a serious social problem because DIY unemployment character concerns some professionals with higher education level.
One way to overcome the problem of population, and employment is to conduct transmigration program. Implementation of transmigrant departure from DIY until 2008 through transmigration program of 76,495 families or 274,926 inhabitants. Viewed from the transmigration pattern already reflects participation, and community self-sufficiency, through General Transmigration (TU), Assisted Swakarsa Transmigration (TSB) and Transmigration Swakarsa Mandiri (TSM). For its distribution has covered almost all provinces. The ratio of the number of self-managed tansmigrants in 2010 reached 20% of the total transmigrants who departed
Wellbeing and health
As one of the important aspects in life, health development becomes one of the instruments in the effort of improving people's prosperity. In 2007 the number of poor families was 275,110 RTM and received the assistance of raskin from the central government (increased 27 percent over the period of 2006 as much as 216,536 RTM). The population of DIY according to the welfare stage noted that in 2007 the pre prosperous group was 21.12%; Prosperity I 22.70%; Prosperity II 23.69%; Prosperous III 26.83%; and Prosperous III plus 5.66%. The welfare rate in 2010 increased with the decrease of the percentage of the poor to 16.83%.
The direction of health development in DIY in general is to realize DIY which has high public health status not only within national boundaries but also has international equity especially Southeast Asia by raising public awareness on the importance of healthy living, increasing outreach, and quality of health services and making DIY as a center of quality in health services, health education training and health consultation. National Health Research Results Year 2010 puts DIY as a provincial-level region with the best health indicators, and is best equipped to achieve the MDG's.
In 2010 the achievement of health indicators for life expectancy was at the age level of 74.20 years. Infant mortality rate of 18/1000 KH, infant mortality of 17/1000 KH, and maternal mortality rate of 103 / 100,000 KH. Prevalence of malnutrition by 0.70%, Outpatient Coverage of Puskesmas 16% while Hospitalization Coverage 1,32%.
Of 118 Puskesmas, 20% of puskesmas have implemented quality management system through ISO 9001: 200 approach; 7% of hospitals have implemented ISO 9001: 200; 25% of hospitals in DIY have been accredited with 5 standards; 17% RS is accredited with 12 standards; and 5% RS have been accredited with 16 service standards. Health care facilities that have emergency services units increased to 40% and hospitals with mental health services increased to 9%. Nevertheless, outpatient coverage in 2006 only reached 10% (national 15%) while for hospitalization 1,2% (national 1.5%). The ratio of basic health services for poor families free of charge in Technical Implementation Unit of DIY and District / City Health Office has reached 100%. The ratio of general practitioners per 100,000 population showed an increasing trend of 39.64 in 2006. The Jamkesos program in 2010 is budgeted Rp. 34.978.592.000,00.
Heart disease and stroke have become the number one killer in DIY while the risk factor for DIY heart disease is quite high. Households in DIY are not smoke-free by 56%, while adolescents with active smokers are 9.3%. As many as 52% of the population of DIY lack of sports activities, and only 19.8% of the population of DIY who consume fiber sufficient. In the last three years the rate of obesity in children in DIY increased by almost 7%
Education
School distribution for elementary / junior high school level is evenly distributed, and reach the whole area to the village. The number of SD / MI in DIY in 2008 was 2,035, SMP / MTs / SMP Terbuka number 529, and SMA / MA / SMK of 381 public and private schools. The availability of study space can be said to be adequate with the ratio of students per class for SD / MI: 22, SMP / MTs: 33, SMA / MA / SMK: 31. While the level of teacher availability in DIY is also quite adequate with student ratio per teacher for SD / MI: 13, SMP / MTs: 11, SMA / MA / SMK: 9. For the year 2010, teacher training for elementary / MI level of 3,900 teachers has fulfilled qualification from total 24,093 teachers. The junior high school / maths of 3,939 teachers have met the qualifications of a total of 12,971 teachers. And for SMA / MA as many as 4,826 teachers have met the qualifications of a total of 15,067 teachers.
Graduates of primary and junior high school can generally go to junior high school / MTs, in line with the policy of 9 Year Basic Education Compulsory that proclaimed by the government. In 2010, SD / MI pass rate reached 96.47%, junior high school / MTs reached 81.84% and SMA / MA / SMK equal to 88.98%. Meanwhile, the drop out rate in the same year was 0.07% for SD / MI; 0.17% for SMP / MTs; and 0.44% for SMA / MA / SMK. Meanwhile, the total number of universities in Yogyakarta, both public and private, as well as offices as many as 136 institutions with details of 21 universities, 5 institutes, 41 high schools, 8 polytechnics and 61 academies are cared for by 9,736 lecturers.
Culture
DIY has various cultural potentials, both tangible (physical) and intangible (non-physical) cultures. Tangible cultural potentials include cultural heritage areas, and cultural heritage objects while intangible cultural potentials such as ideas, value systems or norms, artwork, social systems or social behavior are present in society.
DIY has no less than 515 Heritage Buildings spread over 13 Heritage Areas. The existence of cultural assets relics of the past high civilization, with the Kraton as a legacy institution that is still sustainably endowed existence, is an embryo, and gives the spirit for the growth of the dynamics of society in the cultural life, especially in cultural arts, and traditionally traded. In addition, DIY also has 30 museums, two of which are Ullen Sentalu Museum, and Sonobudoyo Museum is projected to become an international museum. In 2010, the percentage of cultural heritage objects did not split in the good category by 41.55%, while the visit to the museum reached 6.42%
Religious
Population DIY majority of Muslims are 90.96%, the rest are Christian, Catholic, Hindu, Buddhist. Facilities of worship continue to evolve, in 2007 consisted of 6214 mosques, 3413 langgar, 1877 mosques, 218 churches, 139 chapels, 25 temples / temples and 24 temples / pagoda. The number of boarding schools in 2006 was 260, with 260 kyai, and 2,694 ustaz and 38,103 santri. While the number of madrassas both public and private consists of 148 madrasah ibtidaiyah, 84 madrasah tsanawiyah and 35 madrasah aliyah. Religious activity can also be seen from the increasing number of pilgrims from year to year, and in 2007 there were 3,064 pilgrims.
Transportation
The departure and departure train service is centered at Tugu Railway Station for executive class, and business, while Lempuyangan Station serves economy class passengers, and freight. Currently to improve the East-West line service has been built double track from Solo Station Balapan to Kutoarjo Station. With regard to road safety, problems related to rail transport services are, among other things, still many unattended passes. In addition to the fire, the DIY Government developed Trans Jogja Bus service which is the prototype of mass transit services in the future.
For the transport of rivers, lakes and crosswalks, the Sermo Reservoir located in Kulon Progo Regency which has an area of 1.57 km² and has a circumference of ± 20 km resulted in the separation of cross-land relations between villages on the side of the reservoir and other villages on the other side. In the marine transportation sector dI DIY there is a landing vessel (TPK) which serves as a landing boat landing fish finder, and beach attractions. There are 19 TPK spots served by ± 450 fishing vessels.
In the air transport sector, Adisutjipto Airport, which has become an international airport since 2004, has become the entrance of air transportation for Yogyakarta, both domestically and internationally. Limitations of air-side facilities, and land located at Adisutjipto Airport cause the Adisutjipto Airport function as the gateway of the southern part of Java Island can not be optimal. The status of an "enclave civil" airport causes the existing runway to be used for two purposes: civil aviation, and military flight training.
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